Anger by Linda Pastan Essay -- essays research papers

The Oxford English Dictionary defines the intelligence agency anger, a noun physical affliction or pain inflammatory state of any persona of the body. Then defines anger, a verb to distress, trouble, vex, hurt, wound. In Linda Pastans poem Anger the word anger takes the action of a noun. The word anger stands out for two reasons, the indite chooses it for the title, and the further sentence with anger gives the poem meaning. In the beginning of the poem the word it gets used many times and we dont know what it refers to until she rattling states the word anger, then we realize the it referred to earlier means anger.She only uses the word anger once, You whose anger is a pet dog (pg717, line12). She chooses to finally use the word anger here to show the reader that the person she refers to and her ways of dealing with anger differ. The magnitude of her anger causes her to remain secretive, though she wants to tell him she knows it will only make things worse. The serious thing a bout her anger remains that we dont know what causes these feelings. We only know what she states, But mine is a overzealous thing, sharpening its teeth on my very bones, and I will never let it go. (pg717, lines14-16) This is important for two reasons, first, it is the point at which we see how the author views her anger and to what ingrained nature it is relevant. Second, we come to know that her anger is also an adversary of hers, because som...

Stephen in A Portrait of the Artist by James Joyce Essay -- James Joyc

Stephen in A Portrait of the Artist by James JoyceStephen Dedalus, the main section in most of James Joyces writings, is said to be a reflection of Joyce himself. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the reader follows Stephen as he develops from a young child into a young artist, overcoming many conflicts both internally and externally, and narrowly escaping a life long fealty to the clergy. Through Joyces drug abuse of free indirect style, all of Stephens speech, actions, and thoughts are filtered through the narrator of the story. However, since Joyce so strongly identifies with Stephen, his characters style and personality greatly influence the narrator. This use of free indirect style and stylistic contagion makes Joyces use of descriptive language one of his most valuable tools in accurately depicting Stephen Dedaluss development ideals of feminine beauty.As a very young child Stephen is taught to idealize the Virgin Mary for her purity and holiness. She is des cribed to Stephen as a tower of os and a House of Gold (p.35). Stephen takes this literally and becomes confused as to how these beautiful elements of ivory and gold could make up a human being. This confusion is big in that it shows Stephens inability to grasp abstraction. He is a young child who does not nevertheless understand how someone earth-closet say one social function and mean something else. This also explains his trouble in the future with solving the riddles and puzzles presented to him by his classmates at Clongowes. Stephen is very thoughtful and observant and looks for his own way to explain or rationalize the things that he does not understand. In this manner he domiciliate find those traits that he associates with the Blessed Mary in his pro... ...human desires and realizes how beautiful love, passion, and devotion can be from an artists perspective. Stephan Dedaluss transformation into a priest of the arts is parallel to the early life of James Joyce . Both struggle to deal with the conflicts of childhood and adolescence to find a balance in which they can happily live. Since A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is written in third person, yet employs the characteristics of the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, the use of descriptive language is essential to the readers understanding of the novel as a whole. James Joyce excellently uses his talent to successfully communicate Stephens feelings so that we, the reader, can understand the development of his attitudes and ideals about feminine beauty.Works CitedJoyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York Penguin Group,1977.

Prohibition was Ineffective :: American History

Thirteen Years That Damaged America I have always taken an interest in the Roaring Twenties and that is why I decided to write my English term paper on an event that occurred in the 1920s. What follows is my term paper which concentrates on prohibition and why it was not effective, that is to say because of lack of enforcement, growth of crime, and the increase in the drinking rate. I hope this may be of some help to you. Prohibition did not achieve its goals. Instead, it added to the problems it was intend to solve (Thorton, 15). On Midnight of January 16, 1920, one of the personal habits and customs of most Americans suddenly came to a halt. The Eighteenth Amendment was roam into effect and all importing, exporting, transporting, selling, and manufacturing of intoxicating liquor was put to an end. Shortly following the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment, the National Prohibition Act, or the Volstead Act, as it was called because of its author, Andrew J. Volstead, was put into effect. This determined intoxicating liquor as anything having an alcoholic capacitance of anything more than 0.5 percent, omitting alcohol used for medicinal and sacramental purposes. This act also set up guidelines for enforcement (Bowen, 154). Prohibition was meant to reduce the consumption of alcohol, seen by some as the devils advocate, and thereby reduce crime, poverty, death rates, and improve the economy and the quality of life. National prohibition of alcohol -- the noble experiment -- was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene in America (Thorton, 1). This, however, was undoubtedly to no avail. The Prohibition amendment of the 1920s was ineffective because it was unenforceable, it caused the explosive growth of crime, and it increase the amount of alcohol consumption. It is impossible to tell whether prohibition is a good thing or a bad thing. It has never b een enforced in this demesne (LaGuardia). After the Volstead Act was put into place to determine specific laws and methods of enforcement, the Federal Prohibition Bureau was formulated in order to see that the Volstead Act was enforced. Nevertheless, these laws were flagrantly violated by bootleggers and alike. Bootleggers smuggled liquor from oversees and Canada,commoners stole it from government warehouses, and produced their own. Many people hid their liquor in hip flasks, false books, hollow canes, and anything else they could find (Bowen, 159).

Essay --

Bullying has become an epidemic among schools. With increased technology children can now continue to bully others from their home. The rise in availableness has increased bullying and made the effects much damaging. However, while the victim is important, studying them willing cause little to no decrease in bullying. Therefore, it is more important to study the offender. While the most common reason for bullying is often thought of to be power, recent studies have shown that bullying is related to personality. Sociologist cerebrate that our personality is made up by ones experiences with their world. This may be why scientist are arguing that the bully personality is an evolved adaptation, (Book, 2011, p. 218). This paper will attempt to establish the personality of a bully, where that personality stems from, and how the problem of bullying can be ceased. Bullying can be related to a deoxyribonucleic acid mutation, an accident. However, if the carrier of the mutation r eproduces and spreads that mutation, it will evolve into a human trait. Although the mutation is now multiplying, it can sti...

Henry Flemming Age Comparison :: essays research papers

hydrogen Flemming progress Comparisonenthalpy Flemming underwent a major change as he became of age(p). He became more courageous as an aged(a) man than he was as a y break throughh. It may have been that he had not matured at the time of the war or that the war had changed him and do him more courageous. Regardless the reason, the older henry Flemming was much more courageous than he was as a y forthh and there are a a couple of(prenominal) situations in which he was fitting to prove that his courage had grown.Many times heat content would sit around and tell his stories of war. When he was asked if he was ever scared, heat content would tell the people sense of hearing that in fact he did get scared during battles. In fact, he even told them that at his first battle, he was so frightened that he fled from it. cogent a group of people that you had a weakness and were so scared that you had to flee from the danger takes a lot of courage. When Henry was a y turn outh at w ar, he was terrified that someone would find out that he had fled and he was terrified of what people would say if they found out that he had fled, but Henry developed the courage to be able to freely admit to it and even laugh about it.Then, when he was in bop one evening, he arose out of bed to find his drunken help blabbering that the vitamin B complex was on fire. When Henry ran outside, he discovered that the drunken helps lantern had caused the fire. Then, without thinking twice, Henry ran into the barn to rescue the animals. He rescued them even after he had been injured by one or more of them. When Henry was younger at war, he would always think twice or even more than twice before he went into battle, but the older Henry did not.After Henry concept he had rescued all of the animals and that they were safe, the drunken help reminded him of the colts that he had left in the burning barn. Henry automatically persistent that he had to get the colts out of the barn. The crow d of neighbors that had gathered told him that it was too dangerous and that it was just a suicide mission. Henry looked at the burning barn and, sharp that he was risking his life, he state that he had to at least attempt to rescue the colts anyways.Henry Flemming Age Comparison essays research papers Henry Flemming Age ComparisonHenry Flemming underwent a major change as he became older. He became more courageous as an older man than he was as a youth. It may have been that he had not matured at the time of the war or that the war had changed him and made him more courageous. Regardless the reason, the older Henry Flemming was much more courageous than he was as a youth and there are a few situations in which he was able to prove that his courage had grown.Many times Henry would sit around and tell his stories of war. When he was asked if he was ever scared, Henry would tell the people listening that in fact he did get scared during battles. In fact, he even told them that at his first battle, he was so frightened that he fled from it. Telling a group of people that you had a weakness and were so scared that you had to flee from the danger takes a lot of courage. When Henry was a youth at war, he was terrified that someone would find out that he had fled and he was terrified of what people would say if they found out that he had fled, but Henry developed the courage to be able to freely admit to it and even laugh about it.Then, when he was in bed one evening, he arose out of bed to find his drunken help blabbering that the barn was on fire. When Henry ran outside, he discovered that the drunken helps lantern had caused the fire. Then, without thinking twice, Henry ran into the barn to rescue the animals. He rescued them even after he had been injured by one or more of them. When Henry was younger at war, he would always think twice or even more than twice before he went into battle, but the older Henry did not.After Henry thought he had rescued all of th e animals and that they were safe, the drunken help reminded him of the colts that he had left in the burning barn. Henry automatically decided that he had to get the colts out of the barn. The crowd of neighbors that had gathered told him that it was too dangerous and that it was just a suicide mission. Henry looked at the burning barn and, knowing that he was risking his life, he said that he had to at least attempt to rescue the colts anyways.

Henry Flemming Age Comparison :: essays research papers

atomic number 1 Flemming Age Comparison total heat Flemming underwent a major change as he became elderly. He became to a greater extent courageous as an older man than he was as a young. It may have been that he had not matured at the time of the contend or that the war had changed him and made him more courageous. no matter the reason, the older heat content Flemming was much more courageous than he was as a youth and there are a few situations in which he was able to prove that his courage had grown.Many times Henry would sit around and tell his stories of war. When he was asked if he was forever scared, Henry would tell the state listening that in fact he did depress scared during battles. In fact, he even told them that at his first battle, he was so frightened that he fled from it. Telling a group of people that you had a weakness and were so scared that you had to flee from the danger takes a mint candy of courage. When Henry was a youth at war, he was terrified that someone would find out that he had fled and he was terrified of what people would say if they erect out that he had fled, unless Henry developed the courage to be able to freely admit to it and even laugh about it.Then, when he was in bed one evening, he arose out of bed to find his drunken serve well blabbering that the boron was on fire. When Henry ran outside, he discovered that the drunken helps lantern had caused the fire. Then, without thinking twice, Henry ran into the barn to rescue the animals. He rescued them even after he had been injured by one or more of them. When Henry was younger at war, he would always think twice or even more than twice before he went into battle, but the older Henry did not.After Henry thought he had rescued all of the animals and that they were safe, the drunken help reminded him of the colts that he had left in the burning barn. Henry automatically decided that he had to get the colts out of the barn. The crowd of neighbors that had gather ed told him that it was too dangerous and that it was just a suicide mission. Henry looked at the burning barn and, knowing that he was risking his life, he said that he had to at least attempt to rescue the colts anyways.Henry Flemming Age Comparison essays research papers Henry Flemming Age ComparisonHenry Flemming underwent a major change as he became older. He became more courageous as an older man than he was as a youth. It may have been that he had not matured at the time of the war or that the war had changed him and made him more courageous. Regardless the reason, the older Henry Flemming was much more courageous than he was as a youth and there are a few situations in which he was able to prove that his courage had grown.Many times Henry would sit around and tell his stories of war. When he was asked if he was ever scared, Henry would tell the people listening that in fact he did get scared during battles. In fact, he even told them that at his first battle, he was so fr ightened that he fled from it. Telling a group of people that you had a weakness and were so scared that you had to flee from the danger takes a lot of courage. When Henry was a youth at war, he was terrified that someone would find out that he had fled and he was terrified of what people would say if they found out that he had fled, but Henry developed the courage to be able to freely admit to it and even laugh about it.Then, when he was in bed one evening, he arose out of bed to find his drunken help blabbering that the barn was on fire. When Henry ran outside, he discovered that the drunken helps lantern had caused the fire. Then, without thinking twice, Henry ran into the barn to rescue the animals. He rescued them even after he had been injured by one or more of them. When Henry was younger at war, he would always think twice or even more than twice before he went into battle, but the older Henry did not.After Henry thought he had rescued all of the animals and that they were s afe, the drunken help reminded him of the colts that he had left in the burning barn. Henry automatically decided that he had to get the colts out of the barn. The crowd of neighbors that had gathered told him that it was too dangerous and that it was just a suicide mission. Henry looked at the burning barn and, knowing that he was risking his life, he said that he had to at least attempt to rescue the colts anyways.

Shakespeare’s Audience: Research Synthesis

The uneducated debase class audience was interested in the violence Shakespeares crooks consisted of. The Elizabethan eras culture was violent and cruel. For example, if an individual did not enjoy plays, they could witness a . public execution by hanging, beheading, or any number of gruesome focuss. (Wave Davis, 109). To slip by his violent audience entertained and engaged in his plays, Shakespeare had to include an ample union of violence throughout them. Sometimes, audience members would become fatigued.To re bothy excite and get them a rush to awaken his audience members, he would spontaneously throw in ction scenes right after, or in the middle of a tragic, or comedic event. integrity example can be found in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. Not too long after Romeo and Juliet are married, a fight occurs, and after Romeo heard Tybalt has killed his high-priced friend, Mercutio, he tells Benvolio La fire-eyed fury be my conduct now. for Mercutios soul (Romeo and Juliet S hakespeare). Romeo, who had remained calm throughout Tybalt and Mercutios dispute, later kills Tybalt to avenge Mercutio.Directly after their marriage, a calm and Joyous scene, Shakespeare has an acute ction scene imputed to thrill his audience. Although the lower class enjoyed a good comedy, they also went to the theater to watch the newest foray into suicide, debauchery, and murder. Once again in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, he has a thought out plan that realisems well, transform into a violent and disastrous one. After Juliet sees her lover has killed himself, she is left alone by Friar, while she is awaiting Friar, she becomes frightened by the watchman entering the tomb and says O happy daggerThis is thy sheath there rust and let me die. (Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare). She was fearful of the watchman seeing she was still alive, and in turn committed suicide. Shakespeare mislead his audience through a bloody, twist ending, which was exactly what they would have enjoyed watc hing. The lower class members of Shakespeares audience enjoyed his anatomical humor. He cute his audience members to have sterling Junctures while watching his plays, so he included an abundance of familiar innuendos.Shakespeare was at times too bawdy, sometimes vulgar, many times pushing the bounds of good taste. (Cork Milner). Shakespeare at some points was abrupt and too direct with ome of his Jokes, provided audience members still enjoyed them. Shakespeare is known for his masterful way with words. Some say he was clever at playing around with them. unrivalled area where he used this talent is when he inserted sexual innuendos into and keep that the clever wit of his sexual innuendo not only has comic significance, but is used to develop character, themes, and plot as well. ( transmedialshakespeare. ordpress. com). While using sexual innuendos to appeal to the lower class, Shakespeare was also using them to mold parts of his plays, which is why people often refer to him a s one of the greatest play writes of altogether ime. He used every bit of his plays to his advantage, and through the use of sexual innuendos, he was commensurate to mold parts his plays, while still entertaining his audience. Shakespeare knew how to refund his audience members individually what they came for because Shakespeare realized sexual Jokes, especially double entendres, put the twinkle in the performance, Oohn Basil).He used his specialty of wordplay to conjure clever sexual innuendos and naughty puns throughout his plays. William Shakespeares educated spectators were allured by his use of mythological allusions. Only the upper class was able to afford an education and were able to understand all of the references from Grecian & Roman mythology in his plays they are an identifier with ancient tales, and also tie in stories most of the populace was familiar with(wcuenglish. net).Shakespeares use of Theseus as the Duke of Athens and Hippolyta as his fagot immediately al lows the educated audience to make a mythological connection in A Midsummer Nights Dream. As the audience identified one character from Greek mythology, they then naturally associated the other characters with this mythology if they were a member of the pper class and had an education. For example, two other characters, Oberon and Titania, could be compared with their mythological traits to be viewed similar to genus Zeus and Hera.His audience could make connections and know when that when Theseus says Now, fair Hippolyta, our nuptial hour Draws on apace (A Midsummer Nights Dream Shakespeare) that the story was a mythological allusion of Theseus and could recognize his Amazonian queen Hippolyta, and understand the specific myth being drawn. Another example that the upper class would be able to point out would be Puck relating to Eros, the Greek god of sexual love and beauty. The love Juice that Puck places over characters eyes to make them fall in love with the first thing they see after waking is equivalent to Eros golden arrows, having the same effect.The audience could correlate these distinct characters due to their connection to Theseus. Shakespeare more directly compares the two characters when Oberon says Flower of this purpurate dye Hit with Cupids archery Sin in apple of his eye (A Midsummer Nights Dream Shakespeare). Lastly, Shakespeare appealed to the upper class through clever wordplay. Shakespeare was an ingenious man, an ample amount of these puns are in all of his plays and Like most Elizabethans, Shakespeare loved puns the average per play was around eighty.Many of Shakespeares original puns depended on words that were spelled different, but sounded alike (Wave & Davis, 54). Shakespeares splendiferous word play could only be enjoyed by the upper class, because of their education they were able to understand the multiple meanings of some of the words. Enjoying the genius and humor in Shakespeares regulate of clever word play, was something th e ower class was sadly not privileged with. One example of the clever word play Romeo that tomorrow you shall find me a sculpt man. (Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare).In this Shakespeare meant grave as Mercutio being serious, but here it also alludes to his imminent death, aimed towards his educated audience members who would be able to infer this. Shakespeares clever word play required a trained ear to be able to fully understand all of what Shakespeare intended to get across. For instance when Mercutio says Sure wit, follow me this drollery now till thou ast worn out thy pump, that, when the single sole of it is worn, the Jest may remain, after the wearing, solely singular. (Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare).This one is a double pun. One meaning is that the sole of the shoe, the pump they are talking about, is single, which is to say, it has only one layer of leather. Shakespeare puns the sole of a shoe with solely trying to say only, merely and puns the word single with singular mean ing one of a kind, unique and says that his Joke is exclusively unique, or solely singular. Shakespeare knew only the educated would be able to atch his double meaning wordplay and perhaps, he would also test them on how much they would receive from his word play.William Shakespeare tried captivating his audience while they watched his plays, but certain aspects included in they were specifically aimed for different classes. He used mythological allusions and clever word play for the upper and the violence and sexual innuendos were meant for lower uneducated class audience. Shakespeare was an ingenious play write and knew what his audience members were entertained by and he knew exactly how to appeal to their tastes of theatre.

Response to “Internationalized Civil War” Essay

Karen Raslers essay Internationalized Civil fight A Dynamic Analysis of the Syrian Intervention in Lebanon is a highly scientific exploration of what exactly happened when the Syrian soldiers stepped in amidst the internal conflict between the Lebanese Front and the Palestinian Resistance Movement (many former(a) groups were involved at different points, but for simplicitys sake I testament effective use these groups as a right vs. remaining catch- completely for the bulk of the conflict).Rasler begins by addressing the idea that, as much rhetoric as has been given to external interposition in the case of internal conflict, much of the studies kick in and articles published have failed to address the larger issue of non only what the immediate effects of external intervention are, but also what are the semipermanent evocative effects on the country that has either sought external aid or had it forced upon them. Rasler cites several questions regarding the effects of external intervention, including whether or not the external aid escalates violence and ultimately prolongs the conflict.What Rasler sets out to do in her essay is create a longitudinal examination of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1977). Rasler contends that this particular example, being so well-covered in the media and, at the point in time which Rasler wrote the piece, having had enough time pass to study its residual effects, is a consentaneous example to begin with, even if it is not representative of all cases of external involvement in obliging wars.She is seeking the extent to which the Syrian military traffic in Lebanon either decreased or increased internal conflict, as well as the long-term ramifications intervention had for Lebanese politics. Rasler begins with four basic hypotheses which she sets to musical rhythm against the Lebanese Civil War.These hypotheses are as follows (1) External military intervention will increase the level and duration of domestic conflict (2) Mil itary intervention will occur during periods in which the level of internal conflict escalates beyond previously established levels (3) Military intervention will occur during periods of extreme polarisation between domestic political groups and (4) Military intervention will occur during periods in which cooperation between domestic political groups and the intervening external nation-state are escalating beyond previous levels.After stating her hypothesis, Rasler then begins to collect empirical evidence complete with line graphs stating what her findings were. From here the essay becomes a muddled mess of pseudo-scientific jargon that the lecturer has no choice other than to believe it because the values and empirical methods used are inadequately introduced or explained and therefore difficult to refute. The problem is, even at the end of the essay, it is unclear whether or not Rasler has succeeded in proving or completing undermining her own hypothesis.Certainly she has reve aled or so interesting findings, but largely it seems to be not exactly what she thought she was going to unveil. There are several problems with the way this essay presents Raslers findings and with the source material in general. First of all, I will address more of what I have previously mentioned the equations Rasler uses to find her empirical evidence measure such things as social polarization, domestic cooperation, impact of military intervention, and totals of domestic conflict, just to name a few.But never at any point in time does Rasler dedicate any extensive abstract in her essay to an explanation of where exactly these initial figures and statistics (which then got plugged into strange, little-explained equations) came from. It seems as if she pulls these numbers out of thin air, which automatically discredits any of her research because there is no standard for where these numbers came from, how they were initially reported and gathered, what they are measuring to det ermine things like conflicts, etc.For example, Rasler spends a great deal of time discussing how conflicts were on the decline before Syrian military occupation, and then the tot of conflicts spiked up again immediately following the occupation, only to decrease again to levels set out than before. My question is how is the idea of conflict being qualified? Is conflict the number of reported incidents of violence in the area? Does it deal with casualties?How exactly is the quantifiable amount of conflict being measured, exactly? But this is never discussed, which means these numbers could just as easily be fabricated and completely arbitrary for all the weight they carry with them. Not only that, but the pages and pages of jargon that follow an otherwise engaging introduction to the study and the greater questions at hand make it impenetrable for the common non-career-scientist reader.It is off-putting and kind of come across almost as if Rasler is saying, If it sounds smart enoug h, no one will question it. some other problem I see with this, and Rasler herself even addresses it, is that this one solitary conflict cannot possibly account for or be representative of all other conflicts similar to it in which external intervention is sought to ease internal conflict. And even though Rasler does indeed point this out, I feel it is necessary to reiterate because of the framework of the essay.Rasler speaks in terms of generalizations about external military occupations and what their long-term effects are on the country and government, speaking of the importance of a longitudinal study to genuinely dig deeper into those issues. And I agree, wholeheartedly, especially after the way she presented all of it. Which is exactly why this study needed to go so much further than just delving into the details of this one isolated conflict in order to really carry with it any weight or credibility.As far as Im concerned, this study is really only the beginning of what ne eds to be a large-scale study to really effectively address the questions being raised. Another issue I took with this particular case study is the idea that 6 years time, especially when the conflict is still continuing (in southern Lebanon where Syrian forces cannot obtrude upon without threat of Israeli invasion), might not be enough time for an appropriate longitudinal study to be conducted. To really study the long-term reverberating effects on the people and the government, my guess would be that more time would have to pass first.Overall, I believe Raslers essay made some interesting points and observations, and was written in an engaging way (when not swallowed up by scientific jargon). However, I think there are some loathsome errors in her empirical methods that render much of her findings meaningless, and in order for this to be an effective study on the issue of external intervention in civil war conflicts, it needs to be much more all-encompassing and at least provide a series of examples to cross-reference.

Mesopotamian and Egyptian Culture on the Creation of the Old Testament

The Bible has been some for so many solar days now, thats why close people think that it is the most comprehensive book on ancient history. For some(prenominal), it is even the basis for the creation of other scriptures of other morality, as well as the creation of other religions. However, eternize shows that there are some important details that is the same in the Bible, the Old Testament with the writings of other culture. This means that there are some significant parts of the holy book that might have been patterned with the writings in other religions or cultures.This means that no matter how honest-to-goodness the Bible is, its creation has been influenced by other cultures and other religions writings. The Epic of Gilgamesh Gilgamesh, the Sumerian King from the city of Uruk who lived and ruled around 2500 years B. C. There are no concrete relations of relating the account on Gilgamesh with human history, other than that it was passed through word of mouth some 3,700 y ears ago around 2100 B. C. as a part of the oldest works of literature that man knows of which is The Epic of Gilgamesh.As compared to the part of the Book of Exodus wherein Moses liberates the Hebrew slaves out of Egypt, it would be around 1 three hundred-1200 B. C. if ever it actually existed. But with these dates, that would make the stories of the Epic of Gilgamesh be around 800-900 years older than that of the Old Testaments Book of Exodus. This is to variety upon the facts of which of them comes first, so that it is easier to tell which of them adopts the ideas of whom. Gilgamesh seemed to have encountered a great flood as well, in The Epics of Gilgamesh.It was when Utanapishtim confided to Gilgamesh about an old city where the gods might reside. It has been moved by the greater Gods so that they can flood out the whole region to purge the evil-doers. This is much like the Great Flood which was inflicted by God in revise to punish the human race. There were also groups of p eople who were spared, those who were given a warning before the penalisation was actually inflicted. They were carefully instructed on what ways they impart be spared and what they have to do for that matter.Noah was to build an ark with specific dimensions and materials, as for Gilgamesh, he was instructed to tear down a house and build a large boat with a roof. The similarities are obvious. They were both instructed to load up their boats with all animal life forms that they can find. Gilgamesh is considered to be the Babylonian Noah who has lived his purpose and took part in purgation the world of sinful elements. The great flood leave behind end all lives on earth, and the only thing that would save them is through constructing a huge ark.This ark will also be filled with all types of animals for them survive the flood. These facts could mean that the part of the Bible telling about Noah could be an adaptation of the earlier Epics of Gilgamesh, as manifested by their simil arities in content. Hammurabis Laws The sixth king of the Babylonian Dynasty, King Hammurabi, existed some time between 1792 to1750 B. C. and is the known author of the Code of Hammurabi. His existence was about 300 years earlier than that of Moses, the one who liberated the Hebrew slaves from their Egyptian masters, the one has been shown the Ten Commandments of the Lord.Again, this is to establish which comes first, who couldve copied whom, in the context of Moses and King Hammurabi. The fist concept was on the respect for parents, which established the importance of the family, the most basic unit of daily life. According to Hammurabi, there should always be respect to ones parents. If a son has struck his father, then the appropriate punishment would be to cut-off his arms. In Mosaic law, last awaits for those who cursed their father and mother and acted stubbornly or rebelliously. another(prenominal) important aspect would the vitality of marriage.According to Hammurabi, it is ok to send away ones wife as long as the husband provides sustenance for their children to be raised properly. On the other hand, Mosaic Law allowed divorce on the grounds that when a spouse is found indecent or unfaithful. Both suggested death for both man and woman if ever they get caught committing adultery. Both has also forbade incest, wherein the punishment would be severe and would more or less be death. some other aspect that showed relevant similarities was on slavery. Both Hammurabi and Mosaic laws permitted to own slaves.However, they are also held liable with the death of any of their slaves. They are the ones who are responsible for their slaves actions. some other point of similarity is regarding theft. These cases are not to be treated lightly for both the Mosaic and Hammurabis laws. Mosaic law states that for those proven to have stolen something, they essential return it five folds if it was killed and if it was alive, it should be returned. Meanwhile, for Hammu rabi, it would depend whether thirty or ten times over, depending on the social status.However, if one is caught on the act of robbery, then punishment would be death. The one that manifests great similarity was their point on the laws regarding physical injury. For Mosaic law, if the injury was not serious, the guilty person is fined and the money will be given to the one who the damage was done to. But if the injury was serious, just like what Hammurabi said, it was right to take life for life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. hymn to Aton The Old Testament has also borrowed some texts from important Egyptian texts.The Hymn to the Great God Aton showed some relevant similarities with praises for the Lord, thanking him for all His blessings. Some passages on sing are the same with tomb scriptures in the tomb of some relevant figures in Egyptian history to have ever existed. It may be a coincidence, but to bear almost similar thoughts on the same concepts would be nearly imp ossible. Sinai Covenant The Sinai Covenant, as mediated by Moses, can be considered as the last defining moments in the priestly history of the bond which is formed the divine entity and the human beings.The main components and proponents of this covenant are the brave people of Israel, and were and hampered by the laws and regulations being set by other books like Exodus and Leviticus. So, order to show their grateful nature, they have assigned a whole day for worship. It is the Sabbath day which is also the sign o that covenant, used to keep and uphold the laws. Having this Sabbath day is common for many cultures. This is because people devoted time and effort to their gods, thats why they have to assign certain days for worship to the Lord. This is also a way to check on everyones faith in the religion that they belong to.

From dependence to independence Essay

A Taste Of Honey is a twentieth century play set in the 1950s. It is known as a kitchen-sink drama and was indite by Shelagh Delaney at the age of 18 and was first performed in May 1958. A kitchen-sink drama originated in the literature in the 1950s and 1960s. Its aim is to become a legitimate picture of the hard life and troubles of the working class life.In A Taste Of Honey the two main characters be eer falling out with separately other and the plurality around them. The conditions they live in are cramped and poor in bedsits or mattes. An example of a kitchen-sink drama is in Look Back In Anger by John Osborne and Saturday Night And Sunday Morning by Alan Sillitoe. Plays and dramas in the fifties were performed for the shopping center and upper classes still then came the debut kitchen-sink drama Look Back In Anger, which was aimed at the working class. A kitchen-sink drama play uses nonchalant common language to reflect the lives of the working class people portrayed. A Taste Of Honey is set in Salford, Manchester. It is about the life and relationship between a young girl, Jo, and her dumbfound, Helen. They move around a crapper, and go through incisively moved into a shabby one-bed dwelled flat in Salford. Helen is a semi-whore who lives off funds which has been dampn to her by her men friends. Helen also drinks a lot. Jo is fifteen years old and she is actually talented in an artistic way and enjoys drawing, but she blames her mother, who she refers to as Helen, for disrupting her education.Helen and Jo move into a shabby rented flat in Salford and its very cramped and small. Jo isnt happy but Helen doesnt mind. Jo tries to make the flat number and feel more(prenominal) liveable in by deciding to plant nearly bulbs. Helens not bothitherd though, and is happy that at least they hire a roof over their heads. She has a what you see is what you get attitude towards life and lives by a day-to-day basis.Helen also uses a lot of sarcasm, for example, when Jo is sound off about the flat, Helen replies,Everything in it is falling a farewell, its true, and weve no heating- but theres a love lifely view of the gasworks.Helen is a single parent and theres no mention of any relatives throughout the play. Single parent families were not accepted in the 1950s and if a couple wasnt married, it was seen as living in sin and frowned upon.A Taste Of Honey is aimed at adults and older teenagers as there is a lot of crude and rude wag and bad language, reflecting their working class lives for example, Helen Take your bloody money and get out.Peter Thank you.Helen You dirty bastard.Also, teenage pregnancies, race and sexuality were big issues in the fifties. Homosexuality was a criminal offence, even if the couple were of a consent age. Many homosexuals were locked up, and underage sex was strongly frowned upon, and abortions were very difficult to obtain. Women had to re straighten out to back-street abortions, which were very dangerous and could be fatal, so thats why there were a lot of teenage pregnancies.In the fifties, there were very few black people and they were given low paid jobs in the service industries and hospitals. These three issues are all part of the story. Jo has a teenage pregnancy, Jimmie is black, and Geof is homosexual. There were no equal opportunities, for example, men got paid more than women in exactly the same jobs. Housing conditions in Salford were poor. Most houses were small, cramped and dirty. Many rented bedsits or flats often shared amenities equivalent bathrooms and toilets, and this is the case in A Taste Of Honey.We share a bathroom with the community and this wallpapers contemporary. What more do you want?In A Taste Of Honey, Jo doesnt call her mother mother. She calls her Helen. This shows that she doesnt have much respect for her mother and wishes to live her own life, and not to be ruled over by someone who is not a nifty mother figure. I think Jo is lonely, as she hasnt settled nap in a school yet so she hasnt had the chance to make any friends. Helen also treats Jo as if she is just something thats there. She refers to Jo as she and her.Wouldnt she get on your nerves?Helen also drinks a lot, and even though Jo isnt treated as a real person, she still wishes her mother would stop.Drink, drink, drink, thats all youre fit for.With Jo wanting Helen to stop drinking, I think this shows that Jo is s portion outd, that if the drinking carries on and Helen gets ill or something happens to her, then Jo will be alone.Helens favourite past- cartridge clips, which Jo disapproves of, are her drinking habits and sleeping around. Helen is not a good mother and she knows this herself, Have I ever laid claim to being a proper mother?Helen hardly knows her daughter. This is made obvious when Jo decides to have a bath in the morning because its opprobrious outside, and Helen replies, Are you afraid of the dark? whereas in any normal family, the parent w ould know if their child was afraid of anything with living with them for fifteen years.Jo hates school. She has been moved from school to school and never settled in any of them, so she locoweedt be bothered with it, but she is very talented in drawing. When Helen finds some of Jos drawings, her only reply is, I thought you werent good at anything. Helen starts to encourage Jo by saying its very good, but then her sarcasm returns when she says, I think Ill hang this on the wall somewhere. Now, where will it be least noticeable?When we meet Peter, he enters with a cigar in his mouth. He seems very cocky and seems the sort of person who doesnt really care for other people, as he is self-centred. He keeps telling Jo to go away, and tells Helen to get rid of her, because he just wants Helen for sex.Jo doesnt want to consecrate the two alone, and keeps interrupting because she is afraid that Peter will get the attention off Helen that Jo has always wanted. Also, Jo knows that Helen wi ll abandon her and go off with sassy men she meets, as she has done it before.When Helen goes out the room and Jo is left alone with Peter, she starts to question him. Jo sees some photographs in Peters wallet and demands to know who they are of.Can I see the other photos?She then starts to ask why hes marrying Helen and asks if he fancies her. Do you fancy me? I think she asks this because she knows that her mother is beautiful, and she gets lots of attention off men, so Jo wants to see if she could be just like her. Helen is somewhat an idol to Jo, because she always asks people if they think Helen is beautiful, and she wants to be just like her always getting attention from men. Jo, in a way, is jealous of Helen.I think Jo is fairly independent for her age, as she is certain about what she wants to do. She wants to submit school and start working as soon as she trick. This shows that she acts older than she really is and is mature for her age.In scene 2, we are introduced to J os boyfriend. In this part of the play, we know him as boy, but later on we find out his name is Jimmie. He is a black sailor in the navy and he asks Jo to marry him. Boy is twenty-two, and Jo lies about her age and tells him she is eighteen. He questions her about what Helen will think about him because hes a coloured boy.Boy She hasnt seen me.Jo And when she does?Boy Shell see a coloured boy.I think Boy is worried about meeting Jos mother, as racial hurt was a big issue in the fifties. Jo tells him, though, that her mother is not prejudice and will not mind, but at the end of the play when Helen finds out that the do by will be black, she starts to get mad. When she finds out, she says, Oh dont be silly Jo. Youll be giving yourself nightmares.She thinks Jo is pulling her leg but she is serious. When she finally realises that it is true, she doesnt care what people will think of Jo, but what people will think of herself.Can you see me wheeling a pram with a Oh my God, Ill have t o have a drink.Boy has to go away for six months, and he reassures her hell be back. I think Jo thinks she loves Boy, but doesnt expect him to return, because when he says he is going, Jo says her Hearts broke. Boy offers comfort by saying You can lie in bed at night and chance on my ship passing down the old canal. But when Boy starts to flirt with her in a naughty way, she says,I may as well be naughty while Ive got the chance. Ill probably never see you again. I know it.I dont think that its true love between Jo and Boy, as Jo is young and every time they say they love each other, their replies to one another is always how, and why.Boy I love you.Jo How do you know?Whereas if they really did love each other, they wouldnt ask for reasons why.Jos friend Geof, is very considerate and caring. We meet Geof in Act 2, blastoff 1 after him and Jo have been to the fairground. Geof is a homosexual and he has been kicked out of his flat by the landlady because of this, so hes been spendin g time at Jos. By this time, it is summer and Jos pregnancy is obvious. Helen has moved out after marrying Peter and left Jo alone.Geof comes into Jos flat after the fair and is about to go but Jo literally begs him to stay.Geof, dont go. Dont go. GeofI think Jo is scared to be alone, that she doesnt know what she would do alone with the wear getting nearer.Geof starts looking through Jos drawings and criticises them by saying he doesnt like charcoal and that the drawings are exactly like Jo, with no design, metre or purpose.When Geof starts telling Jo that a lot of money will be needed for the gratify, she tries to ignore the fact that shes pregnant and tells Geof to shut up, but Geof isnt saying this to worry her, but to get her prepared and face reality. He cares for her and because Helen doesnt know about the pregnancy, Geof thinks she has a right to know that shes going to be a grandmother but Jo objects.Jos relationship with Geof is a love similar to that of a brother and s ister, as he is more into looking after her. I think Jo really cares for him too, as she begs him to stay over and she has a laugh with him as well as being flirty at the same time.Jo Do you like beer?Geof Yes.Jo Gin?Geof Yes. Have you got some?Jo No, but if I had, Id give it all to you. Id give everything I had to you.When Jo and Geof go to bed, Geof questions Jo about Jimmie.Geof A black boy?Jo From darkest Africa A Prince. She exaggerates as though it was a dream, or a fairytale. Just before they go to bed, Jo laughs and tells Geof, Youre just like a big sister to me.A few months later, Jo and Geof are getting ready for the arrival of the baby and Geofs reservation a baby gown while Jo wanders about the room. It is not something that the audience would expect a man or brother to be doing. It would more belike be a sister. I think Jo is nervous because the birth is very near and she is restless. She is very excited when the baby kicks, and tells Geof. Jo always seems to flirt wi th Geof, playfully set her arms around him, but when Geof is serious about him and Jo, she backs off.Geof Let me kiss you.Jo Let go of me. Leave me alone.I think this is where Jo becomes more mature and independent, as she knows what she wants.I think Ive had enough. Im sick of love.But then Jo realises that she cant really cope, that the baby is perhaps more than she can handle and her hormones are getting the better of her.Ill bash its brains out. Ill kill it. I dont want this baby, Geof. I dont want to be a mother.She realises that she wants Jimmie back, she misses him so much, and she wants the real father to her baby. Every Christmas Helen used to go off with some boyfriend or other and leave me all on my own in some sordid digs, but last Christmas I had him.Geof thinks he is only welcome in Jos flat until she finds her next Prince and in my opinion, Geof is hurt.When Helen comes to see Jo with Peter, Peter is prejudiced against Geof and calls him a fruit cake parcel. He is dr unk and wants to go to the pub with Helen, and so he starts do his own fun by calling the flat Jo lives in, and calling Jo a slut.Jos attitude towards Geof towards the end of the play changes for the better. From the way they both talk to each other you can see they have both grown up. Jo is more open to Geof about her relationship with Helen.You know I used to try and charter my mothers hands but she always used to pull them away from me. She had so much love for everyone else but none for me.When Jo says that, it actually makes the audience feel meritless for her, and disgusted with Helen, because Jo didnt have a genuine mother figure. She also tells Geof about how Helen got pregnant with her. She tells him about how she was married to a Puritan, but wanted some fun so she had a frolic in a hay loft one afternoon with a daft man.This shows that she feels secure with Geof and more reassured with him as she tells him everything that happened and wants him to feel sorry for her a nd to understand her because she didnt have a good childhood.Jo starts to value Geof, as she realises he cares more than Helen. At the end of the play, Helen tries to summit that she wants Geof to leave so she can move back in. she thinks she could look after Jo better than Geof, even after the months she has missed.There wouldnt be much room for two of us on the couch, would there?The only hint of love from Helen for Jo throughout the play is when Jo is having contractions and Helen strokes her hair, saying everything will be all right. This is the only time in the play when Helen is shown to be supportive of Jo.It shows Jo is independent and has matured, because when Helen doesnt know how to use the stove, Jo tells her, whereas this time last year, it was the other way around.When Geof leaves, and Helen finds out about the baby being black, she says shes going for a drink. This part reflects the beginning, when Helen abandons Jo at Christmas. Unfortunately just when Jo needs her mother the most, she leaves her yet again. When shes out the door, Jo leans against the doorpost, remembering the good times with Geof and smiling to herself, as she recites a rhyme that Geof taught her.This shows that she is now dependant on herself, and knows she can cope by herself, because she was left alone the year before, and knows she can do it again.Jos Taste Of Honey was when she met Jimmie, but in my opinion, I think her Taste Of Honey was the time she spent with Geof, because he taught her a lot of things in life, and throughout the play you can see how she has matured, and adopted a more serious attitude towards life.

Newton Weights Essay

As it is known, different materials have different properties. They act differently under different circumstances. There are a number of properties of national which usher let on be explained in terms of molecular deportment. Among these properties is viscoelasticity. Intermolecular force outs these are electromagnetic forces between molecules. The strength and direction of these forces differ in accordance to the withdrawal of the molecules. Materials are often subjected to different forces. Forces burn down be distorting, that is they can alter the incarnation of a eubstance.Two distorting forces I shall look at are tenseness and compression. Tension/tensile stress, more than generally referred to as stretch, happens when external forces (larger red arrows) act on a proboscis so that different parts of that bole are pulled to go in different directions. In most materials, the intermolecular force (smaller aqua arrows) of attraction shows resistance to these external forces, so that once the external forces have abated, the body resumes its original manufacture/length.Compression/compressive stress, more generally referred to as squashing, happens when external forces act on a body of material so that different parts of that body are pushed in towards the centre of the body. In most materials, the intermolecular force of repulsion acts against these external forces, so that when the distorting force is removed, the molecules redeem to their original arrangement and spacing. Materials that do this are known to have the property of elasticity. In short, elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape and size after distorting forces (i.e. tension and/or compression) have been removed.Materials which have this ability are elastic those which do not have this ability are work outed plastic. This eer happens when the distorting force is below a certain size (which is different for each material). This point where the body provide no longer return to its original shape/size (due to the distorting force becoming too large) is known as the elastic limit (which differs from material to material). As long as the distorting force is below this size, the body that is under the external forces leave always return to its original shape.As the body is put under more and more stress (distorting force), the body strains (deforms, extends) more and more. Right up to the elastic limit, the body will continue straining, in accordance to the size of the stress. This is where Hookes Law comes in. Hookes Law states that, when a distorting force is utilize to an object, the strain is proportional to the stress. For example, if the load/stress is doubled, then the extension/strain would excessively double. However, there is a limit of proportionality (which is often also the elastic limit), only up to which Hookes Law is true.Since the strain is proportional to the stress for different materials where Hookes Law is true, then there should be a fixed ratio of stress to strain for a given elastic material. This ratio is known as its Youngs Modulus. Youngs Modulus can be calculated from the stress and the strain of an object under tensile/compressive stress. e = change in length/extension of object, in cm p = original length of object, in cm a = cross-sectional area of object, in cm2 f = size of force applied, in newtonsFor example, the Youngs Modulus of loopy Steel = 2 x 1011 N m-2 Copper = 11 x 1010 N m-2 Hookes Law and Youngs Modulus apply to most elastic materials, with the exceptions. A special shape which material can be bent into to in order to optimize use of the elasticity of a material is a spring. Springs are used by us everywhere in seats, mattresses, cars, toys, and all another(prenominal) sorts of necessary objects and items we encounter in our daily lives. They are normally do from metal, though they can come from plastics, rubber or even glass.When compressive stress is applie d to a spring, the spring noticeably shortens, though the actual length of the body material shortens very little. It is due to this special shape of springs that let it do this. The same occurs when tensile stress is applied. When a spring is being extended or pulled on, it may seem the spring is changing length dramatically, but in actual fact the springs body material relatively doesnt change shape at all, but rather the shape of the body is more spaced out. AIM My objective in this experiment is to find out how a spring varies in length with added load.I also want to witness Hookes Law in action, and I want to observe the behaviour of the spring/s even after the load added causes the stress in the spring to exceed the elastic limit. PLAN My experiment is fairly straight advancing to set up and carry out. In my experiment the entropy that I intend to assemble is the extension of the spring each time new/ redundant load is added to it. It is necessary that I use the most appropr iate equipment for my experiment, hence I have chosen to use a retort stand which will hold up the spring and its weights up, a second retort stand from which a meter rule will be suspended.The metre rule will be right up against the spring, so as to ensure an accurate reading. There is no evidence that I can take before hand, other than the material of the spring. This entire experiment has to be as accurate, fair, precise and reliable as can practically be, but it is only possible to make it so to a certain extent. For instance, I cannot be absolutely sure that that all due north weights weigh exactly 1000 grams, nor is it practical to find a linguistic rule that is absolutely accurate.Hence I am forced to settle for the metre rule, which is accurate to about 1 millimetre, and I will be aware that the normality weights will be within an accuracy of about i 20 grams. These factors will not really be in my control however I can reasonably account for them when I construct a graph from my board by using error bars for each point plotted. some other measure I am taking is that I shall not be the only one to take readings from the metre rule I shall have deuce other peers who will also be reading off the same metre rule.From these 3 readings I shall draw up averages of level of weight applied to the spring. To be practical and observing at the same time, I must choose an appropriate extent and range, as well as appropriate integers, for the data that I intend to collect. I will be going to take the first measurement as the length of the spring when there is no sight attached to it. The last measurement shall be right up to when the spring can no longer hold on to the weights. I have a rough idea of the spring that I shall use, and I am assuming now that the spring shouldnt be able to hold much more than 13 kg.I shall be adding the weights one at a time (one Newton/kilogram at a time), and I shall be taking measurements at each of these intervals. The measur ements that I shall take of the length of the spring will be in millimetres. So basically, once I have set up the entire apparatus, I shall start off taking the measurement of the spring when it is free of load, then let my peers take theirs. Then I shall add a Newton weight one at a time, taking measurements with my helpers each time I add one. Of course well be wearing our goggles, because I dont want to take any risks.1) Collect equipment. 2) Prepare apparatus as shown in diagram. 3) Record the length of the spring when it is load-free, to cm, in the prepared table for results. 4) bring in a weight/mass of 1 kg or 1 N, and then take the new length of the spring. Record in the prepared table for results. 5) Continue adding on weights/masses of 1 kg, recording the length of the spring each time in the prepared table for results. This should be carried on until the weights can no longer be attached to the hanging spring. APPARATUS.The apparatus that I shall need set up for my exper iment consist of the following items 1. Retort Stands (x 2) 2. boss and Clamps (x 2) 3. Metre Rule 4. Spring (length 50 mm) 5. Newton Weights (x 15 approximately) Other items I shall need are three pairs of goggles. SAFETY I must consider my safety when working in the laboratory. It is common when this type of experiment is carried out that when a weight or anything for that matter is suspended from something as unstable as a hanging spring, the item in being suspended is prone to fall.

Essay on Harlow and Ainsworth

Compare and contrast look into by Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on understanding accompaniment Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth undertook studies aimed at providing a clearer sharpness into the processes associated with attachment. Even though both Harlow and Ainsworth chose a different approach to their research, they met with some similarities. This essay will therefore seek to both compare and contrast their researches, the methods they apply as well as evidence gained through their respective researches.It is I feel important to have a brief understanding as to what attachment is, and thus help to provide a perspective in regards to what the samples being conducted are aiming to define. Attachment can be defined as a massive term emotionally important relationship in which one individual seeks proximity to and derives security and comfort from the forepart of anformer(a) (discovering psychological science p. 193, 2012). As such both Harlow and Ainsworth through their dif ferent approaches sought to investigate the mechanisms inherent with babe bonding.Was it due to the carer providing for their emotional and physical needs or was it much deep-seated, in that infants were more inclined to seek attachment to stimulus that met their needs, such as warmth, and softness as suggested through the researches of Bowlby (1948) (discovering psychology p. 196 ,2012) Harlow in his approach chose to base his research unaccompanied on animals, in this case the Rhesus Macaque shrink from. He chose this method in part due to the fact that these monkeys have approximately ninety four percentage in common with adult male DNA.Coupled with this was the further factor concerning ethical issues, as it would have undoubtedly raised serious concerns had he chose to conduct his experiments on human infants. His observations were conducted entirely within the seemingly harsh surroundings metered through the laboratory environment, which differed in comparison to the re search conducted by Ainsworth through her responses to sensitivity. Through his research, Harlow noticed that the monkeys grew attached to sanitary pads placed in their cage, and suspected that the monkeys boned ith them and gained contact comfort from them, as they were the only soft item in their otherwise harsh environment, (discovering psychology p. 202, 2012) Harlow thus surmised that the softness of the sanitary pads along with the contact comfort the monkeys gained from them seemed a more important factor within the infant bonding process than the presence and supply of food. (discovering psychology p. 202, 2012)In order to further investigate his hypothesis, Harlow constructed two in truth different types of surrogate mothers, one being constructed of wire which lacked any form of haptic comfort, whilst the second was made of wood with a layer of sponge and covered with a soft layer of towelling. Both mothers had heating supplied by a illuminate bulb and both had a feedin g bottle inserted through the body providing the monkey with food. Through his observations and experimentation, Harlow noted the monkeys bonded with the soft bodied mother regardless(prenominal) of whether it contained a supply of nourishment or not. discovering psychology p. 205, 2012). In contrast Ainsworths research focused on human infants, in part through her observations with mothers and their infants. Whilst donjon in Uganda, Ainsworth observed a number of families with unweaned babies, and noticed that the more responsive the mothers were to the signals of the infant, the less the infant cried and the more confident the infant was, conversely the less responsive mothers were to signals the more the baby cried (discovering psychology p. 216, 2012).Ainsworth, though different in her approach, in her case observing children and their carers in natural surroundings which differed from that of Harlow, in that he observed monkeys in a laboratory surrounding, they both however re ached the same conclusion. Infants that feel secure, in that they have a safe base, whether this is provided by a terrycloth towel covered mother or a doting parent, the tactile stimulus provided by each is of paramount importance in infant and monkey bonding. At the centre of Ainsworths research was what became known as the st endure experiment, which she conducted in America, and consisted of a series of even consecutive episodes within a controlled environment. The experiment involved three people, the mother, infant and a stranger. (discovering psychology p. 217, 2012). Ethical considerations have to be taken into account once more, for unlike Harlows monkeys who having been bred in captivity and could not choose to opt out, or indeed be comforted as in Ainsworths experiments, whereby should the infant be come down distressed the experiment was stopped and the infant immediately comforted.Monkeys though forming a complex hierarchical society are not deemed to be as complex as h umans, as such the responses to various stimuli employed by Harlow in his experiments could be deemed as being easier to interpret. In contrast to Harlows experiment, Ainsworth through her more closely controlled observations, and in mind that humans exhibit a more complex doings, she was qualified to delve deeper into the mechanisms associated with infant bonding, whereby she was able to define four different types of attachment. (Discovering psychology p. 204, 2012)Clearly the pertinent studies undertaken by Harlow and Ainsworth had both their advantages and disadvantages. Harlow for example based his researches entirely on monkeys, within the harsh confines of the laboratory environment. The fact that Macaque monkeys share ninety four percent of DNA with human infants does not necessarily denote that their subsequent behaviour would be similar to that of human infants. There is a need to be very careful how one interprets this genetic similarity, for a small difference in DNA can make a huge difference in a species anatomy and behaviour (discovering psychology p. 04, 2012). Ainsworth on the other hand centred her research based on observations in both Uganda and America. She chose a more sensitive approach. Her observations were of infants interacting with master(a) care givers and strangers and gauging their reactions. Through this process she was able to delve deeper into the mechanisms of attachment, given that not only are humans more complex as exhibited through their interactions, it as well offered further opportunities for her to expand and deepen her researches.This however had its own disadvantages, for Ainsworth it seems did not factor into account the country of origin or cultural backgrounds of the infants being studied, along with the infants mood or indeed if the infant was used to the situation they were being exposed to. (discovering psychology p. 219, 2012). This situation did not arise in the research conducted by Harlow, as all the monkeys had been raised in captivity which in itself ensured a more general set of expected patterns of behaviour.Ainsworths study does not seem to reflect any innate behaviour in the infants, whereas the researches of Harlows, particularly concerning the wire and terry towel covered surrogate mothers seem to support his surmise that regardless of species, that infants show an innate predisposition in forming attachments with carers who provide for their needs. This I feel was due to Harlow being able to look deeper into this facet of infant behaviour as he was not hindered by ethical considerations as was the case with Ainsworth.It is fair to say that both researchers had their work criticised to some extent by the scientific community at large. Obvious questions having been raised as to the validity of their findings, Harlow for his sole use of monkeys and how the research correlated to human behaviour, whereas the work of Ainsworth in her not victorious into account of the diff erences of nationality and thus the cultural background of the infant. The primary aim of this essay was by way of making an informed comparison between the works of Harlow and Ainsworth.Were they able through their researches to show a clear insight into the mechanisms associated with infant bonding? What evidence did their different methods of approach provide? Are animals an effective means of basing a premise as to the expectations of human behaviour? Researches that have insight into our innate tendencies allow us a glimpse into the hidden world of the psyche. Whether evidence provided has come via way of animal experiments, viewed as repugnant by many, or through closely monitored experiments with human infants. The implications can have a marked effect upon other avenues of research that come to follow.Undoubtedly the work of both Harlow and Ainsworth has had a marked import upon and allowed for a deeper understanding into the mechanisms of infant bonding. The implications of their research has provided for a basis upon which to build a yet deeper and fare wider reaching insight, not only on the various stimuli associated with infant bonding, but also in regards to how the infant develops through their life and their wider range of social interactions. (Word count 1440) References Brace, N. and Byford, J. Discovering Psychology (2012), Milton Keynes, The Open University.

Energy Policy in Canada

Each twenty-four hour period millions of tons of fossil fuels be universe consumed by the world. As most people already heftiness is the basis of industrial civilization without ability, ultramodern life would cease to exist. Presently, fossil fuels make up a large portion of present day energy sources. Canada, one of the worlds largest industrialized nations uses an abundance energy to support its ever growing society. However, the population of Canada is behind growing each day and with that the closer demise of fossil fuels.For this reason Canada has implemented an energy indemnity which in turn is to establish guidelines and standards. In Canada, natural resource ownership is largely controlled by the different national provinces, which are allowed to legislate in the areas of resource development, production control, taxation, and resource extraction. Provincial governments have major responsibility for both the management of resources and environmental protection with in their boundaries.The provinces are assisted in varying degrees by private companies in the exploration, development and distribution of natural resources. Because so much of Canadian energy policy lies outside of federal jurisdiction, strategic partnerships and linkages among provinces themselves and between provinces and the government are very important.In some cases, these take the form of shared commitments to provincial and territorial energy programs, building codes, environmental goals, and efficiency targets. However, the governments dismantle n environmental issues is still being questioned, however, due to a sharp debate over the content of legislative versus voluntary measures on climate change For this reason it can be stated that Canadas energy policy has some good policies but is still greatly flawed. Moreover, it is essential that alternatives to hazardous fossil fuels are found and efficiently implemented before the demise of fossil fuels is soon a reality. Als o it is crying that people of the world learn to conserve and prevent further abuse of fossil fuels.

Template for Purpose Statement

University of Phoenix Material Problem and routine Statement Templates Templates for Purpose Statements Below are the criteria from the checklist that show the parts required in the problem statement. Samples of a qualitative, decimal, and mixed theater of operations problem statement are provided as examples. Problem Statement 1.General problem identifying subscribe for study The problem is ______ 2. Specific problem proposed for research 3 out of 5 chief executive director officers are overweight and at risk for heart attack 3. Introductory words describing methodological rise given and appropriate to the special problem This qualitative or quantitative case study give explore or examine 4.General population group identified Chief executive officers from Fortune calciferol organizations pull up stakes be surveyed to determine .. Qualitative Problem Statement African American females remain drastically underrepresented in community college president positions (proble m), despite the increase of African American community college presidents over the brook ten years (Phelps & Taber, 1997). Only 5% of 1,220 community colleges (specific problem encourage numbers, as that helps illustrate specific problem) have African American presidents (Phelps & Taber, 1997).African American women occupy a small percentage of Phelps figure of 5%. This qualitative case study (study type) will describe personal and professional perceptions experienced by 20 African American women who have achieved the role as a United States community college president. (population) The data will provide leaders information related to leadership development, mentoring, and accession strategies forAfrican American females interested incommunity college presidential roles. Quantitative Problem StatementDepartment of the legions noncombatant managers and supervisors, who hold leadership positions, are comprehend as not having the same leadership training and competencies as their a rmed services counterparts (problem) (Viall, 2003). A study conducted by the Army Chief of Staff reported, There is no well developed and executed, integrated, systemic approach for civilian leader development for the Army (Viall, 2003). The Department of the Army, however, does have equal and required civilian and officer institutional leadership training, education, and development policies in place (specific problem) (Army, 1999, para. -6-3). These policies are outlined and explained in United States Army tuition and Doctrine Command Regulation 351-10, and implemented for use by civilians through the Army Civilian Training, bringing up and Development System. The system was implemented to provide a sequential, progressive leadership development plan that provides civilians with a career leadership-learning path equal to leadership training provided in the Officer Education System (Army, 1999, p. 22).This quantitative study (methodological approach) will utilize quantifiable and qualifiable research methods to compare the leadership training, education, and development regulations and programs of United States Army officers to that of civilians in a large federal laboratory located in the southeastern United States, (population organism studied) to determine why civilians are perceived as not having the same leadership competencies as military counterparts. Mixed Methods Problem Statement Virtual employees are becoming more prevalent in cable environments.There are approximately 24 million virtual workers in the U. S. , representing 18% of the total workforce (The Dieringer inquiry Group, 2004), up from 19 million in 1999 (Pratt, 1999). By 2010, there may be over 40 million virtual workers in the U. S. (Jala International, Inc. , 2004). In 2001, 51% of North American companies had virtual employee programs (Wiesenfeld, 2001). In almost areas, the use of virtual employees and teams has outpaced our understanding of the dynamics and unique characteristics (Pauleen & Young, 2002, p. 205). general problem) Whereas virtual environments require the same staple fiber management and leadership responsibilities, they may encumber managers when conducting individual performance feedback and employee developmental activities (Bell & Kozlowski, 2002). (specific problem) This mixed method study (type of study) will use a modification of Morrills (1997) Likert-type instrument with several open-ended questions to explore the patterns of perceived feedback effectiveness and best practices for communicating feedback to virtual employees.The study will electronically survey all employees in _____ division, who have been in their position for at least one year and are located throughout the continental U. S. (geographic location) to describe the degree of correlation between the virtualness of the employee and the perceived level of performance feedback, developmental feedback, trust, and leaders member exchange. The survey will collect data to ide ntify best practices for communicating performance and developmental feedback to virtual employees. Templates for Purpose Statements.

Animal Nutrition: Distinguish Macronutrients and Micronutrients Essay

There ar seven major(ip) classes of nutrients carbohydrates, fats, character reference, minerals, protein, vitamin, and water. These nutrient classes potentiometer be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) or micronutrients (needed in sm in aller quantities). The macronutrients ar carbohydrates, fats, type, proteins, and water. The micronutrients ar minerals and vitamins. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which kiosk membranes and some(prenominal) signaling iotas are built) and energy. Some of the structural material nooky be used to refund energy internally, and in either case it is measured in joules or calories (sometimes called kilocalories and on different out of date occasions written with a capital C to distinguish them from little c calories). Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, wh ile fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram.,1 though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance.Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do non provide energy, but are indispensable for other reasons. A third class victualsary material, fiber (i.e., non-digestible material such as kioskulose), seems also to be take, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, though the tiny reasons remain unclear. Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of hundred, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from dismissdid monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, do of assorted greasy acid monomers bound to glycerolbackb one and only(a)(a). Some fertile acids, but not all, are native in the dieting they give noticenot be synthesized in the body.Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids, some of which are inseparable in the sense that clement beingss cannot soak up them internally. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production just as ordinary glucose. By breaking set ashore existing protein, some glucose can be make waterd internally the remaining amino acids are discarded, primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation. Family Sources Possible Benefitsflavonoids berries, herbs, vegetables, wine, grapes, tea general antioxidant, oxidation of LDLs, ginmill of arteriosclerosis and subject matter disease isoflavones (phytoestrogens) soy, red clover, kudzu root general antioxidant, prevention of arteriosclerosis and heart disease, easing symptoms of menopause, crabmeat prevention18 isothiocyanates cruciferous vegetables crab louse prevention monoterpenes citrus peels, essential oils, herbs, spices, green plants, atmosphere19 cancer prevention, treating gallstones organosulfur compounds chives, garlic, onions cancer prevention, lowered LDLs, assistance to the immune system saponins beans, cereals, herbs Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperglycemia, Antioxidant, cancer prevention,Anti-inflammatory capsaicinoids all capiscum (chile) peppers topical pain relief, cancer prevention, cancer cell apoptosis -CarbohydratesCarbohydrates may be categorize as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monomer (sugar) units they contain. They make a large part of nutriments such as rice, noodles, bread, and other grain-based products. Monosaccharides contain one sugar unit, disaccharides two, and polysaccharides cardinal or more. Polysaccharides are often referred to as complex carbohydrates because they are typically long seven-fold branch chains of sugar units. The difference is that complex carbohydrates take longer to diges t and absorb since their sugar units mustiness be separated from the chain before absorption. The spike in blood glucose levels after ingestion of simple sugars is thought to be related to some of the heart and vascular diseases which come become more common in recent times. Simple sugars form a greater part of modern diets than formerly, perhaps hint to more cardiovascular disease. The degree of causation is still not clear, however.FatA molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturateddepending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules have re latively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the similar length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or unsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the berth of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids.Trans fats are a quality of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation. Many studies have shown that unsaturated fats, particularly monounsaturated fats, are best in the human diet. Saturated fats, typically from wildcat sources, are next, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter orlard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flax root oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, but have pro perties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancid resistance.citation neededEssential fatty acidsMost fatty acids are non-essential, moment the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by outgo energy to do so. However, in humans at least two fatty acids are essential and must be allowd in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids - omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids - seems also important for health, though definitive experimental demonstration has been elusive. Both of these omega long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are substrates for a class of eicosanoids known as prostaglandins, which have roles throughout the human body. They are hormones, in some respects. The omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which can be made in the human body from the omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (LNA), or taken in through devil dog food sources, serves as a building block for series 3 prostaglandins (e.g. weakly i nflammatory PGE3).The omega-6 dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) serves as a building block for series 1 prostaglandins (e.g. anti-inflammatory PGE1), whereas arachidonic acid (AA) serves as a building block for series 2 prostaglandins (e.g. unhealthy PGE 2). Both DGLA and AA can be made from the omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) in the human body, or can be taken in directly through food. An appropriately balanced uptake of omega-3 and omega-6 partly determines the relative production of incompatible prostaglandins one reason a balance between omega-3 and omega-6 is believed important for cardiovascular health. In industrialized societies, people typically languish large amounts of processed vegetable oils, which have reduced amounts of the essential fatty acids along with too much of omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3 fatty acids. The diversity rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being re leased from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGLA).Moreover, the conversion (desaturation) of DGLA to AA is controlled by the enzyme delta-5-desaturase, which in turn is controlled by hormones such as insulin (up-regulation) and glucagon (down-regulation). The amount and type of carbohydrates consumed, along with some types of amino acid, can influence processes involving insulin, glucagon, and other hormones therefore the ratio of omega-3 versus omega-6 has wide effects on general health, and specific effects on immune function and inflammation, and mitosis (i.e. cell division). Good sources of essential fatty acids include most vegetables, nuts, seeds, and marine oils,2 Some of the best sources are fish, flax seed oils, soy beans, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, and walnuts.FiberDietary fiber is a carbohydrate (or a polysaccharide) that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce cardinal calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. But in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose, a large carbohydrate polymer that is indigestible because humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it. There are two subcategories soluble and insoluble fiber. Whole grains, fruits ( curiouslyplums, prunes, and figs), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber.Fiber is important to digestive health and is thought to reduce the risk of colon cancer.citation needed For mechanical reasons it can help in alleviating both constipation and diarrhea. Fiber provides bulk to the intestinal contents, and insoluble fiber especially stimulates peristalsis the rhythmic muscular contractions of the intestines which move digesta along the digestive tract. Some soluble fibers produce a solution of h igh viscosity this is essentially a gel, which slows the movement of food through the intestines. Additionally, fiber, perhaps especially that from whole grains, may help lessen insulin spikes and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.ProteinProteins are the rear end of many animal body structures (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enyzmes which control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each molecule is composed of amino acids which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these components are liable for the distinctive smell of burning protein, such as the keratin in hair). The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid computer memory provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine.For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them intern ally) and some are non-essential (the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). somewhat twenty amino acids are found in the human body, and about ten of these are essential, and therefore must be included in the diet. A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance). A complete protein source contains all the essential amino acids an incomplete protein source lacks one or more of the essential amino acids.It is possible to combine two incomplete protein sources (e.g. rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. Sources of dietary protein include meats, tofu and other soy-products, eggs, grains, legumes, and dairy products such as milk and cheese. A few amino acids from protein can be c onverted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis this is done in measuring rod only during starvation. The amino acids remaining after such conversion are discarded.VitaminsAs with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception it can alternatively be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, such as carnitine, are thought useful for survival and health, but these are not essential dietary nutrients because the human body has some capacity to produce them from other compounds. Moreover, thousands of different phytochemicals have recently been discovered in food (particularly in fresh vegetables), which may have desirable properties including antioxidant activity (see below) experimental demonstration has been indicatory but inconclusive.Other essential nutrients not classed as vitamins include essential amino acids (see above),choline, essential fatty acids (see above), and the minerals discussed in the preceding section. Vitamin deficiencies may result in disease conditions goitre, scurvy, osteoporosis, impaired immune system, disorders of cell metabolism, true forms of cancer, symptoms of premature aging, and poor psychological health (including eating disorders), among many others.6 Excess of some vitamins is also austere to health (notably vitamin A), and for at least one vitamin, B6, toxicity begins at levels not utmost above the required amount. Deficiency or excess of minerals can also have serious health consequences.WaterAbout 70% of the non-fat mass of the human body is made of water7 . Analysis of Adipose Tissue in notification to Body Weight Loss in Man. Retrieved from Journal of Applied To function properly, the body requires between one and seven liters of water per daylight to avoid dehydration the precise amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors.citation needed With physical exertion and heat exposure, water loss increases and daily fluid needs will ultimately increase as well. It is not fully clear how much water intake is needed by healthy people, although some experts assert that 810 glasses of water (approximately 2 liters) daily is the marginal to maintain proper hydration.8 The notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source.9 The effect of, greater or lesser, water intake on weight loss and on constipation is also still unclear.10The original water intake good word in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council read An ordinary beat for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods.11 The a la mode(p) dietary reference intake report by theUnited States National Research Council recommended, gen erally, (including food sources) 2.7 liters of water sum for women and 3.7 liters for men.12 Specifically, pregnant and breastfeeding women need additional fluids to stay hydrated. According to the Institute of Medicinewho recommend that, on average, women consume 2.2 litres and men 3.0 litresthis is recommended to be 2.4 litres (approx. 9 cups) for pregnant women and 3 litres (approx. 12.5 cups) for breastfeeding women since an especially large amount of fluid is woolly-headed during nursing.13For those who have healthy kidneys, it is somewhat difficult to drink too much water,citation needed but (especially in tender humid weather and while exercising) it is dangerous to drink too little. People can drink far more water than necessary while exercising, however, putting them at risk of water intoxication, which can be fatal. In particular large amounts of de-ionized water are dangerous. Normally, about 20 percent of water intake comes in food, while the rest comes from drinking water and assorted beverages (caffeinated included). Water is excreted from the body in multiple forms including urine and feces, sweating, and by water vapor in the exhaled breath.

High Concept Films

According to Justin Wyatt the lofty archetype movie is valued by some in the contain constancy and derided by others. He states, Whereas creative executives much(prenominal) as Katzenberg would stress the originality of a proud archetype idea, media critics would suggest that senior game school imagination actually represents the zero point of creativity. Discuss the hardness of both points of view with reference to eradicator 2 Judgment Day (James Cameron, 1991) and one other contract. The spunky innovation moving-picture show represents the economically invested interests of Hollywood, as the high conceptionion choose is produced to be highly marketable.With Hollywood simply creation a profit seeking business, the high concept film provided an assurance of misfortune office revenue in a time when the industry was in decline. It dismiss be argued that this diversity in filmmaking merely altered the style of Hollywood films, allowing film makers to thrive conc eptually in childliker recitals. Conversely, it washbowl in like human racener be argued that this resulted in the production of creatively bankrupt films, where the importance of marketability far outweighs that of creativity, originality and Byzantineity.This essay imp contrivance argue both sides of this debate with reference to exterminator 2 Judgment Day (Cameron, 1991) and Jaws (Spielberg, 1975). James Camerons Terminator 2 Judgment Day (1991) is an example of a director exploring complex conceptual meaning beyond the simple high concept annals. Whereas Steven Spielbergs Jaws (1975) is an example whereby the simple mindedness of a high concept film not yet limits creative geographic expedition, but also breeds consecutive similar films such as sequels and remakes.High concept filmmaking emerged from a post-WWII America, where Hollywood studios were struggling to produce a product that would re-energise decreasing profits. The 1948 Paramount case saw the autonomou s court decide that the Big Five Hollywood studios were monopolizing the film industry (Balio 1990, p. 5). This decree was concluded on the basis that the Big Five (Paramount, Warner Bros. , MGM, Twentieth Century Fox, and RKO) owned studios, worldwide distribution, and controlled theatre chains indeed monopolizing the production, distribution and exhibition of the industry (Balio 1990, p. ). This verdict saw the studios separated from exhibition as not only was block booking and unfair film distribution convicted, but the Big Five also had to split their theatre chains (Balio 1990, p. 5). The paramount decree in conjunction with the raising middleclass, suburbanisation, and the domestication of the television, saw Hollywood profits drop significantly. Where middle-class Americans whitethorn deplete had more time and money, this was predominantly spent on domesticated items and vacations (Balio 1990, p. ). In addition, the move to the suburbs had audiences drawn away from city theatres and instead take to watching television more conveniently (Balio 1990, p. 3). As a result movie attendance halved, and thousands of theatres were closed down (Balio 1990, p. 3). It accordingly becomes drop off that Hollywood needed products that would return profits to the industry. Where Hollywood was struggling to survive in a diminishing industry, it also had to compete with rivalling television entertainment.This caused for Hollywood to differentiate its product and furthermore encouraged coaction with the new entertainment medium, which consequently bread the high concept film. Hollywood differentiated its product technologically for the most part, by means of gimmicks such as 3D experimentation, different widescreen technologies, and colour film (Balio 1990, p. 24). During the 50s, colour films were being produced as a superior product to black and white television however the novelty promptly wore off (Balio 1990, p. 24).Widescreen and 3D techniques were also ex plored with technology such as Naturescope, Panavision, and CinemaScope again these brought audiences back to the cinema, however they were no more than temporary attempts (Balio 1990, p. 26-28). It became discernible that specific demographics had to be targeted much like television does in pose to market films in(predicate)ly to audiences (Balio 1990, p. 28). This saw a collaboration between film and television as old films were aired on television to fill time slots Hollywood generated revenue through with(predicate) telefilm production and foremost, film marketing had access to television (Balio 1990, p. 8,31-32). This consequently bread the high concept film, as a film had to be sold in a single sentence when restricted to a short TV ad slot thus associating the term with marketable plots (Wyatt 1994, p. 8). Its reasonable to believe that high concept films were and so designed to be sold (Wyatt 1994, p. 14). With the term high concept unarguably associated with films t hat Hollywood favour in return of predictable commercial success, theres no doubt that theyre heavily influenced by marketing and merchandising desegregation (Wyatt 1994, p. 7).This creates a style of filmmaking that has an emphasis on star personas, fashionable subject matter, presold premise, and the ability to be fling (Wyatt 1994, p. 12). The pitch is generally a single sentence summary of a film, which will at start-off sell the film to studios, and secondly it will create the marketing hook that catches the attention of audiences during ad campaigns (Wyatt 1994, p. 8). This influences the archivess of high concept films as theyre sculpted to be pitched. Wyatt notes that this produces an idea that is very straightforward, easily communicated, and easily comprehended (1994, p. ). numerous films value this simple narrative approach, such with Snakes on a Plane (2006) being a film simply about snakes on a plane American Gangster (2007) is about Frank Lucas and the mobster cul ture during the 1970s Star Wars (1977) is about epic intergalactic space battles. The use of stars also become openhanded in the high concept film, as stars not only attract audiences, but they can also be attached to specific star personas, both of which favour marketing (Wyatt 1994, p. 10). For example John Wayne or Clint Eastwood in a western film is instantly recognizable.Fashionable subject matter involves cashing in on whats commonplace culture, such as the recent string of alien films. These include Cloverfield (2008), District 9 (2009), Battle L. A (2011), Skyline (2010), Cowboys and Aliens(2011) and Predators (2010) to name a few. Pre sold premise is the production of films that are already successful and have pre established audiences, which Wyatt suggests is limiting new ideas, relying heavily upon the procreation and combination of previously successful narratives (1994, p. 3). This is most evident in the abundance of comic book adaptations over the years mostly supe rhero films such as Batman (1989) and Batman Begins (2005), or Superman (1978) and Superman Returns (2006). Its therefore clear that the marketing and commercial aspect of high concept filmmaking influences the narrative and style of films produced in Hollywood. This can foremost be seen as an indictment of Hollywood, as creativity is no doubt limited when favouring those films that are adaptations, sequels or remakes.The film Jaws (1975) is no doubt a high concept film, as the attributes of the pitch, stars and pre sold premise are evident in its production. The film has the simplicity of a high concept narrative, possibly pitched as giant shark attacks swimmers. For example the pitch used in the house trailer was Jaws. See it before you go swimming (Jaws 1975). Therefore the pitch would have sold the concept of the film to studios, and also been used in the marketing for the film. Furthermore, the film starred Richard Dreyfuss, Roy Scheider and Robert Shaw, for each one of whic h were prominent film and television actors that were featured in the Jaws trailer.However, the fact that Jaws (1975) was a presold premise would have been the primary studio tenderness to the film. With Peter Benchleys novel Jaws a bestseller, the film was able to use the novels success in their marketing noting such achievements in the film trailer. These marketing attributes of the film therefore create the simple high concept narrative of Jaws (1975). Directed by Steven Spielberg, he even proclaims a desire for such a simple narrative, I like ideas , especially movie ideas, that you can hold in your hand (Wyatt 1994, p. 13).From this the negative connotation associated with the high concept film is introduced, as Jaws (1975) bread sequels, a enfranchisement, and similar Hollywood productions. For the most part critics condemn such high concept films as creatively bankrupt, claiming that theyre the zero point of creativity relying heavily upon the replication and combination of previous successful narrative (Wyatt 1994, pp. 13). Being a novel adaptation, this is no doubt germane(predicate) to Jaws (1975), however I dont believe it to be a creatively bankrupt film, as there is an art in adapting a novel for screen.Where I do agree however is in regards to the 3 Jaws (1975) sequels, each of which used the aforementioned(prenominal) concept merely with altered plot elements. This is no more than exploiting a successful film by using its generic plot that was so easily summarized for marketing purposes. Furthermore, this high concept film has inspired other similar giant creature films such as Lake Placid (1999) and chisel Attack (1999). In addition to this, the Friday the 13th (1980) franchise could be said to be Jaws (1975) with a man instead of a shark.Both of these films rarely depict the killer killing, and both films have consistent suspense music that plays during the posture of the killer. To continue this further, Friday the 13th (1980) establishe d a repetitive franchise of 10 films, again exploiting a simple high concept narrative. These examples clearly indicate a habit to duplicate and exploit high concept films, which I believe is where creative say-so is most hindered in this debate. Also considered a high concept film is James Camerons Terminator 2 Judgement Day, as it too incorporates Hollywood stars, pres sold premise, and the simplicity of the pitch.Again this film is also a presold premise, as its a sequel to The Terminator which was also successful. Therefore the narrative of this film simply continues from that of The Terminator, however now the terminator must protect the Connor duo. This is simply summarised in the trailer as this time hes back. For good (The Terminator 1984). This sequel brings back stars Arnold Schwarzenegger and Linda Hamilton, with Arnold primarily featured throughout the films marketing. So with the stars and simplistic narrative both a result of Terminator as a presold premise, this film is no doubt a high concept film.As a result of this, critics would assumedly favour Terminator 2 as a marketing plot, as sequels are economically strong due to the ability to be marketed through the previous films (Wyatt 1994, p13). However, this is a critically narrow perception of high concept films in general. Tho Jaws may be seen as a lack of creativity in relation to its franchise, Terminator 2 has been canvas beyond its simple narrative, granting it more value and meaning. While critics prefer denouncing high concept films, those within the industry favour and encourage the high concept.Wyatt claims that the industry stresses the originality and uniqueness of high concept films, and such Terminator 2 Judgement Day (1991) will be the example (1994, p. 14). While Terminator 2 (1991) may be a high concept film, James Cameron managed to provide a film that can be analysed beyond the simple cyborg narrative (Radner 1998, p. 249). By contrasting Sarah Connor from Terminator 2 (199 1) with her character in the original, its clear that theres a contrasting development of femininity (Radner 1998, p. 253).This can be seen to not only symbolise her development in the narrative, but also as a reflection of Hollywood womens rightist culture (Radner 1998, p. 260). The Hollywood female being that of masculine desire, reducing femininity to her image (Radner 1998, p. 260). In The Terminator (1984), Sarah Connor appears fragile, rounded and fecund, being typically feminine (Radner 1998, p. 260). However, in Terminator 2 (1991) after the term of her pregnancy the same character appears much more masculine and irrational (Radner 1998, p. 249-250).This therefore defies the Hollywood model of femininity, while also inverting the rationality of men with the maternal mother (Radner 1998, p. 250). Cameron has used Sarah Connors body as not only a symbol of her evolution and a reflection of Hollywood culture itself, but also to encompass the complex somewhat contradictory character that shes become (Radner 1998, p. 251). While fearing for her sons life, she arguably neglects her maternal instincts in order to extradite humanity, and in doing so appears to jeopardise her sanity (Radner 1998, p. 252).In addition, she also helps to humanize the cyborg that she once feared (Radner 1998, p. 251). This is clearly a complex character transformation through the two Terminator films, and to discard such characterisation as creatively bankrupt would be nothing but generalisation and ignorance. With that, its clear that the high concept film can be conceptually superior to what critics may give them credit for. In reference to sequels, remakes and adaptations, theres no doubt that the critical view of high concept filmmaking put forth by Wyatt is valid.This is evident with the Jaws (1975) franchise as well as the other previously mentioned films as the incentive to exploit popular ideas discourages the exploration and creation of new original ideas. In s ummary, the high concept film is undoubtedly produced at the monetary value of lower concept films, as low concept films rarely have the same marketing potential that has been discussed. However with reference to Terminator 2 (1991) comes the validity of the opposing argument, as this film has encouraged feminist analysis and reflection despite its marketing value and simple narrative.In addition, Terminator 2 (1991) doesnt stand just as a superior high concept film, as technically any film can be analysed beyond the surface narrative. This proves that while the high concept film has its commercial placement in Hollywood, there still remains a place for it artistically. Where marketing and economic interests may produce a simple style of filmmaking, filmmakers are still encouraged and challenged to explore artistically elsewhere in the production of such films. The high concept saved the Hollywood film industry financially, and is the primary reason for its success through to conte mporary cinema.Therefore to brand it a creative burden is to ignore the current success and progress of the industry, and to assess it is to ignore the creativity explored in lower concept films. Reference List American Gangster, 2007, act picture, Ridley Scott, USA. Balio, T 1990, Introduction to Part 1, Hollywood in the Age of Television, London, pp. 3-40. Batman, 1989, motion picture, Dir. Tim Burton, USA. Batman Begins, 2005, motion picture, Dir. Christopher Nolan, USA. Battle L. A, 2011, motion picture, Dir. Jonathan Liebesman, USA. Cloverfield, 2008, motion picture, Dir. Matt Reeves, USA.Cowboys and Alien, 2011, motion picture, Dir. Jon Favreau, USA. District 9, 2009, motion picture, Dir. Neil Blomkamp, USA. Friday the 13th, 1980, motion picture, Dir. Sean S. Cunningham, USA. Jaws, 1975, motion picture, Dir. Steven Spielberg, USA. Lake Placid, 1999, motion picture, Dir. Steven Miner, USA. Predators 2010, motion picture, Dir. Nimrod Antal, USA. Radner, H 1998, rising Hollywo ods New Women Murder in Mind Sarah and Maggie, in Steven Neal (ed), Contemporary Hollywood Cinema, London, pp. 247-262. Shark Attack, 1999, motion picture, Dir. dockage Misiorowski, USA. Skyline, 2010, motion picture, Dir.Colin Strause Greg Strause, USA. Snakes on a Plane, 2006, motion picture, Dir. David R. Ellis, USA. Star Wars, 1977, motion picture, Dir. George Lucas, USA. Superman, 1978, motion picture, Dir. Richard Donner, USA. Superman Returns, 2006, motion picture, Dir. Bryan Singer, USA. Terminator 2 Judgement Day, 1991, motion picture, Dir. James Cameron, USA. The Terminator, 1984, motion picture, Dir. james Cameron, USA. Wyatt, J 1994, A critical redefinition the concept of the high concept film, in High Concept Movies and Marketing in Hollywood, University of Texas, pp. 8-20.