Virgil Quotations With English Translations

Publius Vergilius Maro (October 15, 70 BCE - September 21, 19 BCE) was the leading poet of the Augustan era. His Aeneid glorified Rome and especially the ancestry of the first Roman emperor, Augustus (Octavian). The influence of Virgil (Vergil) on subsequent writers has been immense. He is responsible for sayings or the sentiments behind sayings that we still use, like Beware of Greeks bearing gifts, from Book II of the Aeneid. All Virgil quotations listed here include a reference to their original location, the Latin that Virgil wrote, and either an old, almost archaic translation from the public domain (mainly for the longer passages) or my own translation. [Lat., Experto credite.]Believe in the one who knows from experience. (Trust the expert.)- The Aeneid (XI.283)[Lat., Non ignara mali, miseris succurrere disco]Not being ignorant of bad things, I learn to help the wretched.- The Aeneid (I.630)[Lat., Superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est.]Every fortune is to be conquered by bearing (it).- The Aeneid (V. 710)[Lat., Quisque suos patimur manes.]We each allow our own ghosts. (We make our own destiny.)- The Aeneid (VI.743)[Lat., Disce, puer, virtutem ex me, verumque laborem; Fortunam ex aliis.]Boy, learn virtue from me, and true work; luck from others.- The Aeneid (XII, 435)[Lat., Saevit amor ferri et scelerata insania belli.]Love of iron (weapon) rages; also the criminal madness of war.- The Aeneid (VII.461)[Lat., Nescia mens hominum fati sortisque futurae,Et servare modum, rebus sublata secundis.]O heart of man,/ not knowing doom, nor of events to be!/ Nor, being lifted up, to keep thy bounds/ in prosperous days!- The Aeneid (X.501)[Lat., S tat sua cuique dies; breve et irreparabile tempusOmnibus est vitae; set famam extendere factisHoc virtutis opus.]To each his day is given. Beyond recall/ mans little time runs by: but to prolong/ lifes glory by great deeds is virtues power.- The Aeneid (X.467)[Lat., Aegrescitque medendo.]He grows increasingly ill with the remedy. (The medicine is making him sick.)- The Aeneid (XII.46)[Lat., O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori;]Oh! Beautiful boy, dont put too much faith on (your) complexion. (Perhaps, beauty fades.)- Eclogae (II.17) *The real version, Nunc scio, quid sit Amor, comes from Virgils Eclogues VIII.43. Not all misquotes are so easy to untangle.

White Privilege Unpacking The Invisible Knapsack

This purpose of this paper is to synthesize this writer s three key revelations from this semester which are, (1) white privilege, (2) curriculum corruption and inadequate United States history education in K-12 public schools, and (3) United States legislation which disadvantages the minor races as a means for the dominate race to maintain power and control. Thus, this exploration organizes each area of significant course discovery, which a hybrid of class sources and readings relating to each area of learning supports. Additionally, this synthesis includes a summary of this writer s social location as well as the course material’s impact on the understanding and interpretation of these themes. Finally, this paper ends with a conclusion and presents final thoughts about the concepts we ve discussed in the Sociology 321 - Race and Ethnicity course throughout the spring 2016 semester. White Privilege To begin, the first pivotal revelation is the concept of white privilege. White Privilege, as Peggy McIntosh specifies in her essay, â€Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack†, is a set of unearned assets which a white person in America can count on cashing in each day yet they remain oblivious to. This theme resonates as prior to this course, though aware of certain advantages as a seemingly â€Å"white† person in society, I was unaware of its official terminology. Also, as a person with one quarter American Indian blood I’m classified as a minority, however, I’mShow MoreRelatedWhite Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack920 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article, â€Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack†, Peggy McIntosh talks about the various privileges white people receive. Her basic idea was to inform the readers that whites are taught to ignore the fact that they enjoy social privileges that people of color do not because we live in a society of white dominance. McIntosh lists some daily white privileges; a variety of daily instances where white dominance is clear. Her examples include privileges relating to education, careersRead MoreWhite Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Knapsack967 Words   |  4 Pagesunspoken biases that have become increasingly convoluted and entrenched within society over time. It also doesn’t help white people to recognize these discriminatory practices considering they have been unconsciously tailored to be consistent with white perspective and mentality. In her article, White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, Peggy McIntosh examines not only how white folks often consider themselves to be a normative figure within society, but also how they are carefully taught notRead MoreThe Readings White Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Knapsack, By Peggy Mcintosh, White Women, Race Matters1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe readings Wh ite Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, by Peggy McIntosh, White Women, Race Matters by Ruth Frankenberg and Representing Whiteness in the Black Imagination, by bell hooks, all cover the issue of whiteness from different perspectives. There are many aspects of whiteness; in this essay, I will argue that the two most important features are the absence of knowledge of the issue on the part of white people and stereotype consequences. A key point in racism is whiteness, andRead MoreDoes Affirmative Action Correct Past Injustices?942 Words   |  4 PagesJustice: Does Affirmative Action correct past injustices? Privilege and discrimination are very complex due to the fact that there is not only one factor that goes into causing a person to be discriminated against. Traits such as race, sex, class, gender, and sexual orientation are just a few of the numerous reasons why someone might possess privilege or be a victim of discrimination. This is the â€Å"concept of Intersectionality [which] recognizes that people can be privileged in some ways and definitelyRead MoreAnalysis Of White Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Backpack949 Words   |  4 Pagestheir privileges somehow. Imagine if everyone carried a knapsack. This knapsack carries all of our privileges, whether it is our gender, religion, or even simply our ability to breathe without an oxygen tank. Every knapsack that everyone carries is different; however, the only way we could know what’s in a knapsack, you have to be willing to ask and look for your answers. Peggy McIntosh exploits this concept of a â€Å"knapsack† , as she pulls apart what’s in her own sack in her article, â€Å"White Privilege:Read MoreWhite Privilege : A Crime America Pays For1635 Words   |  7 PagesWhite Privilege: A Crime America Pays for Being Privilege is something many of us do not realize we have on an everyday basis. Privilege is something you can get over time, but others are born with the natural ability to be privileged. Anybody who is â€Å"white† descent is born with what is known as white privilege. Many of us do not recognize this the privilege that comes with being white in society. We go on everyday taking advantage of other races by being white without even knowing it. Read MoreGender, Racial, Sexuality, Race, And Class ( 11 )975 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunity for unique difference. Categorizations are a fantasy of whiteness that validates the dominant status quo. White supremacists demonstrate an inability to comprehend reason by projecting their inadequacies onto the Other. hooks does not claim white people are evil nor does she intend to evaluate them, rather she is acknowledging the terror she feels in response. Whites feared interracial relationships would erode the colour line a nd thus segregation was an effective strategy that limitedRead MoreAnalysis Of White Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Backpack1113 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Backpack† by Peggy McIntosh is about the dominant white race having societal advantages over the minority race. White privileges are known for having favorable advancements to white people and particularly men in that category. For those who receive benefits due to their origins of the white race refuse to acknowledge the power they have over the minority race. Instead, whites see all races having the same opportunity to become successful. Due to their obliviousnessRead MoreWhite Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Backpack786 Words   |  4 PagesWhite Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Backpack Peggy McIntosh’s piece â€Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack† describes the privileges white people gets without realizing their advantage over others. Peggy talks about racism being a part of everyday life even though we ignore it. Her main idea was to inform the readers that whites are taught to ignore the fact that they enjoy social privileges that people of color do not because we live in a society of white dominance. Her examplesRead MoreReflection Paper On Inequality1056 Words   |  5 Pagesvalue and I want to share my experience. I took a woman’s study class last year that focused on inequality and it addressed white privilege. We also read the book The New Jim Crow and it was very enlightening. We watched some Time Wise lectures as well. Our professor wanted each of us to have a deeper understanding of what others face in regards to discrimination and privilege. He was very upfront from the beginning of class that the topics would be uncomfortable and his intent was to take you out

Stages of Marketing and Management

Question: Discuss the various stages of marketing and management through various models. Answer: Introduction Every organisation aims to deliver quality products and services to customer to gain acceptance in the market. Various organisation have different approaches towards the same. In this competitive business market, it has become a necessity for every organisation to market their products to attract consumers (Christopher, Payne, Ballantyne 2013). Marketing is the only known process that helps an organisation to welcome new consumers and retain the old ones. A variety of strategic approaches helps an organisation to accomplish their objectives. The report revolves around Telstra, an Australian based telecom company that aims to achieve global acceptance in market. The report describes the challenges of the company, their goals and objectives along with their marketing strategy to attain and retain consumers. The organisation offers a variety of opportunities to separate itself from other companies by focusing on consumer needs, pricing and services. However, Telstra faces certain chall enges such as market competition and ineffective marketing strategy that is affecting the business operations to a huge extent. 5Ps of Marketing Every organisation aims to gain a competitive advantage in the market by serving quality products and services. However, to achieve this long-term objective goal, it is important for the company adopt a proper strategic approach that can help the company to achieve their target (Aremu Saka, 2014). Marketing mix helps the company in preparing a strategy that helps them to market their product prominently in the market place. It is essential for the company to understand that marketing mix and target market selection helps in devising a proper marketing strategy that provides the needed boost to the company. The use of this marketing tool has helped many companies to improve their business process accordingly. Marketing mix helps and organisation to determine the future for their products and services which in turn helps them to understand the market trends and help them to strategize accordingly. In this competitive business world, organisations are competing with each other to gain the market control. Product: in order to dominate the market with full force it is essential for the company to provide services and products to consumers. Telstra provides fixed line services, mobile services, internet services, television services to name a few. As the business market is growing and new competitors are entering the market, it is useful for the organisation to bring a variation in their products and services to retain consumers as well as attain new consumers (Beckmann, Hielscher, Pies, 2014). Telstra provides so many services to the consumers that the company has built a good trust level amongst it buyers. Mainly the company focuses on mobile services as it currently the most trending thing. With the advent of technology, mobile can operate on various areas be it shopping, banking, researching. Therefore, by understanding the trend, the company believes that it is in the best interest of Telstra to provide and improve the mobile services in terms of both consumer satisfaction and sup port. Figure1 Product Life Cycle Every product has a decline stage at some point of time. For many companies, the decline stage comes quickly, for others it takes time. The difference in the statement is many organisation promises excellent services but are not able to keep their commitment. Whereas, there are organisation for whom consumer satisfaction is top priority because it brings them business. Every organisation launches a product in the product that aims to fulfil the objectives of the company. These particular products have a life cycle that sees growth, maturity and decline. A good product dominates a market for a long time that increases the maturity stage of the product that increases the sales of the company and eventually profit (Giacalone Rosenfeld, 2013). Figure2 Telstra Products dominance For this, the organisation has to introduce the product to market to spread awareness about the merchandise. This involves different marketing strategies, branding, promotion of products and others to name a few. Introduction is the stage where the company invests heavy amount to spread the product in the market for initiating sales. Apart from that, advertisement is equally essential as it helps the consumers to understand the product and their need of acquiring the same. Growth is the stage where the consumers starts to learn about the product and purchases the same. This in turn helps other consumers to buy the product due to word of mouth publicity. Maturity is the stage where the product has gained acceptance in the market and consumers trusts the product and purchases it. The duration of maturity depends on the quality of the product and brand (Hutt Speh, 2012). For example, a new organisation introduces a new health drink the market but is not able to increase the sales. It depends on various factors such as product description, quality, quantity and expectations. Since there are many organisation to deliver health drinks to consumers, there is a less chance for the new companies to target the audience as the other product is in its maturity stage (Kim Mauborgne, 2014). Similarly, if the new organisation is able to provide quality products to consumers at a reasonable price, there are high chances that company is most likely to receive boost in sales. In this instance, the branded product sees a decline stage, as the new product of the new organisation has taken over the market. In case of Telstra, the organisation has new products and services for their consumers. The organisation specifically deals in prepaid, post-paid mobile services that has excellent value for money features. This is one of the primary reasons for the company to receive such a huge consumer base. With the advent of technology and development, organisation are assembling new services and plans that can help them to retain the consumers. Since the organisation has a good popularity in Australia, the consumers are more inclined to the company as they deliver excellent services to their valued consumers. Since the company has already many products in the maturity stage, the aim of Telstra is to ensure minimising decline stage. Nowadays companies are improving their products at the growth stage where the company improves the quality of products and services, feature new plans and services to the consumers, enters new market, increase their distribution area, and revises their pricing policies on their products to retain the consumers (Mahoney Weyl, 2014). Consumers expect better after sales services and expect a simple process. In case of Telstra, the organisation believes in the objective of easy to do business with, which states the demands of products that has higher points are intangible that leads to processes that are more appropriate. The organisation believes in providing the consumers a proper after sales service that helps them to retain the consumers. For this, Telstra has upgraded their business processes that reflects on their customer services. The organisation must provide full support to their consumers (Weatherill, 2014). Place: based on the psychology of consumers, the company believes that consumers are more likely to prefer brands that are located in central places of the country. For example, in shopping malls, important cities, showrooms etc. in case of Telstra, the company is available in almost every prime locations of the country that helps them to draw more consumers. However, based on the scenario, the company does not have a proper distribution channels to less important cities. Therefore, it is essential for the company to establish new networks in places that can draw new consumers (Day, 2011). Place is an important aspect in business which shows the power of the company. For any organisation, place of business is an extremely important place as it helps them to sell their products accordingly. It is important to determine the effectiveness of the place to ensure that the investment is recovered and the company does not suffer losses. In case of Telstra, despite having stores in shopping malls, exclusive stores, the company also believes in providing the consumers the ease of choosing their products while sitting at their home. Figure3 Telstra Promotions The participation of e-commerce has definitely helped the company in achieving more consumers in recent years that it took them a decade to build. Apart from that, the company believes in installing stalls to prominent places to attract new consumers. This ensures the company to increase its consumer base. The competitive advantage of Telstra is that it has more effective signal quality all over Australia, than any other competitors. The organisation believes in providing the consumers pleasant visits to the stores thereby making the shopping experience innovative. Apart from that, the stores are located in some of the prime locations that attracts consumers of all potentials. The organisation follows the trends and technology and adjust as per the new trends (Vargo, 2011) However, Telstra must take a more comprehensive approach to their product prices and should interact with their consumers more to understand their expectations and grievances. Intensive Distribution: intensive distribution involves the use of all available markets to distribute their products. In this distribution style, the consumers gets to select from a variety of products (Sethuraman, Tellis, Briesch, 2011). These outlets tend to have all variety of products of different brands and consumers can select any product as per their requirement. The advantages of intensive distribution includes the idea to incorporate products that are necessary in everyday lives. This affects the money, product awareness, impulse buying which in turn benefits the retailers and consumers and the manufacturers. On the other hand there are certain disadvantages in intensive distribution such as low price and margin, control of the retailer and money. It is essential for the company to determine the proper channel to distribute the products to enhance the business operation of the company in the selected market. Selective Distribution: Using limited number of outlets are a part of this distribution in this distribution strategy, the consumers look for the best performing products and tend to explore various markets looking for them (Sheth, 2011). This is also increases the needs amongst the consumers. Big brands often have control on the distribution of their products as they only provide products and services to a limited number of stores that shares the vision and aims of the company. It is important to understand the demand and necessity of the consumers and provide appropriate stocks to the retailers to enhance sales and have con trol on the priceing and profits. Exclusive Distribution: exclusive distribution is mainly seen in those circumstances, where the availability of the product is scarce. Many consumers tend to look for this specific product, as they desire to acquire it. In business market, exclusive distribution involves the use of only one distributor of a specific geographic location (Srinivasan Hanssens, 2009). Telstra uses the Selective distribution strategy, as the product pricing is high and not available to everyone as of now. Therefore, the company believes to market their products selectively thereby maintaining the leadership position in the business market. A positive consumer is more likely to bring new consumers for the business whereas a negative consumer can hamper the reputation of the company. In case of Telstra, the company believes in providing excellent service quality to the consumers that help them to retain the consumers. However, in respect to productivity, the company lacks to meet the deadline due to no tra ining of employees. As technology improves from time to time, therefore the necessity of providing training to the employees is equally important to meet deadlines (Filistrucchi et al. 2014) Figure4 Telstra Distribution worldwide Promotion: In order to maximise sales, promotion of a product is necessary to bring visibility of the product to the consumers. It is important for the company to promote products due to market competitions. Many organisation uses print media as their primary source of promotions as newspaper and magazines are a part of human life (Chen, Fay Wang, 2011). It is an essential tool for the companies. In case of Telstra, the company advertises in various media such as radio, television, hoardings, and brochures. However, with advancement of technology and the power of internet, the company now advertises on their websites and use social media such as face book, twitter, Instagram, and YouTube as their source of advertisement. In order to increase the sales of the company, promotion of a product is very important. The company is using transit advertising, print advertising, and other forms of electronic advertisement to promote their newly developed products and initiate sales. It is cruc ial for the company to understand the necessity of promoting products in areas of low visibility to increase and capture the available markets. Productivity and quality are perhaps the most essential elements in business to ensure success. Providing quality services to the consumers is very important as it helps the company to receive new consumers through word of mouth publicity (Engelen Brettel, 2011). For example, the company has been installing Telstra telephone booth in new areas to gain visibility in the market. Figure5: Telstra Booth Price: price is another factor that plays an important role in the business. In perspective of the company, it is essential to recover the costs, however in case of consumers; they expect appropriate pricing based on product and services (Chen Shaffer, 2014). In case of Telstra, the organisation has always maintained a leadership position in the market for which the price of their products and services are high. Nevertheless, the consumers appreciate the services of the company and therefore believes it to be appropriate based on the services. However, in order to grow the consumer base, it is essential for Telstra to revise their pricing strategies in relation to their products or develop new products and services that can target all types of consumers (Webb et al. 2011). The company uses premium pricing strategy as the organisation believes that the services they provide to the consumers are quality and has no flaws. The responsibility if the company is to enhance and revise the p ricing policies to ensure that the companies are able to gain market control in the new market areas by changing their strategies towards pricing. Partnership: for any business, consumers are an integral part. Without consumers, the flow of business does not occur. For Telstra, consumers or people are tangible elements to business that help the company to achieve their desired goals. However, it is equally important for the company to understand their employees as well. The company provides the employees appropriate training after recruitment. Apart from that, the employees should be able to understand the problems of the consumers and provide them with proper solutions. Problem-solving skills are also important to the company and therefore they hire employees with communication skills and ability to handle clients (Dong, Kouvelis, Su, 2014). In case of Telstra, the company must provide appropriate services to consumers. Appropriate training to the employees of the organisation can help them to minimise the level of errors. The organisation has tied up with many well-known companies like Diligent for their cloud services, tied up with San Miguel Corporation, Navman Wireless and others to name a few. Figure6 Telstra Market performance Consumers expect better after sales services and expect a simple process. In case of Telstra, the organisation believes in the objective of easy to do business with, which states the demands of products that has higher points are intangible that leads to processes that are more appropriate. The organisation believes in providing the consumers a proper after sales service that helps them to retain the consumers. For this, Telstra has upgraded their business processes that reflects on their customer services. The organisation must provide full support to their consumers (Weatherill, 2014). Recommendations Expanding to new market areas can help the company to attract new consumers and gain control over the market. Since the advent of technology, the company has been trying to increase its network to all over Australia to provide the best signal quality and therefore the company must expand to new areas like Asian market, or third world countries to gain global acceptance. Apart from that, expanding to new areas also helps in gaining internationalisation. In addition to that, the company must consider revising their pricing strategies as it does not attract consumers of all types. In order to gain dominance in the market, the company must provide appropriate opportunities to the consumer. In addition to this, the consumer should also see a variation in their products and therefore should launch new products that suits all types of ages. These strategies are beneficial in providing the consumers and the retailers appropriate market. The company should revise their products and pricing to ensure appropriate consumer services and sales. In doing this the company can access new markets through their publicity and promotion respectively. Telstra provides the benefit of consumer service and should therefore extend its business operation to different areas of market. It is essential for the company to understand that new consumers can increase the market competition for the company in relation to their competitors. The pricing strategies of the company are high which leads to limited consumers. Changing the pricing of the products helps in developing new consumer relations. Since the company expanded it business into different areas, appropriate marketing provides the window of involving new consumers and retaining the old ones. A positive consumer spreads the publicity for the company when they are satisfied with the products. Hence it is crucial for the company to maintain their products and service offering appropriately. Conclusion The report discussed the various stages of marketing and management through various models. The report explored the various problems of the company in relation to marketing mix and provided necessary solutions that can help the company to make proper business decision based on the market demand. The learner has discussed the issues of the problem critically thereby making the information productive. In addition to that, the report also discussed the possible solutions to the problems in order to maximise consumer retention and attraction. Reference List Books Christopher, M., Payne, A., Ballantyne, D. (2013), Relationship marketing. Abingdon: Taylor Francis Giacalone, R. A., Rosenfeld, P. (2013), Impression management in the organization, Abingdon: Psychology Press Grunig, J. E. (2013). Excellence in public relations and communication management, Abingdon: Routledge Hutt, M., Speh, T. (2012), Business marketing management: B2B, Cengage Learning.Turnbull, P. W., Valla, J. P. (Eds.). (2013), Strategies for international industrial marketing. Abingdon: Routledge Kim, W. C., Mauborgne, R. (2014), Blue Ocean Strategy, Expanded Edition: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant. Brighton: Harvard Business Review Press Mahoney, N., Weyl, E. G. (2014), Imperfect competition in selection markets, National Bureau of Economic Research Myers, M. D. (2013). Qualitative research in business and management, Sage Journals Aremu, M. A., Saka, H. T. 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C., Drze, X. (2010), Signaling status with luxury goods: The role of brand prominence, Journal of Marketing, 74(4), 15-30 Haucap, J., Heimeshoff, U. (2014), Google, Facebook, Amazon, eBay: Is the Internet driving competition or market monopolization? International Economics and Economic Policy, 11(1-2), 49-61 Keller, J., Heiko, A. (2014), The influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on future foresight processesResults from a Delphi survey, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 85, 81-92 Kim, J. H., Hyun, Y. J. (2011), A model to investigate the influence of marketing-mix efforts and corporate image on brand equity in the IT software sector, Industrial Marketing Management, 40(3), 424-438 Lefebvre, R. C. (2011), An integrative model for social marketing, Journal of Social Marketing, 1(1), 54-72 Reimann, M., Schilke, O., Thomas, J. S. 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Study Case free essay sample

Golden Bear Golf, Inc Golden Bear Golf, Inc. The assertions that were relevant to Paragon’s construction projects are: existence and occurrence, completeness, valuation or allocation, and presentation and disclosure. Existence and occurrence: should have been used to test the revenue and gross profit on its construction projects. By testing to see if the assertion is appropriate to make sure that all revenue and gross profit exist would have brought the attention to the $4 million of un-invoiced construction costs that materialized at the end of fiscal 1997. This assertion test also would have revealed that the earned value method in practice was allowing Paragon to book much larger amounts of revenue and gross profit on its construction projects than it would have under the cost-to-cost method. Completeness: the SEC said that Sullivan and his subordinates should have rigorously tested Paragon’s large amounts of unbilled revenues at the end of 1997. A significant amount of unbilled revenue that is reported as complete should be tested to determine the reason no billing has been posted for the work that was done. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also should be determined the reason income is being recognized for jobs that have not been identified as works in progress to determine the exact completion date of the project. By testing this assertion it would have been discovered that $4 million of work was fictitious. Valuation or allocation: Paragon overstated its revenue and profits by using the earned value method which caused a huge increase in unbilled revenue by the end of 1997. Approximately 30 percent of the 1997 income statement had not been billed to its customers. Paragon also overstated the revenue to be earned on its individual construction projects, and during the 1997 audit, Andersen personnel used thirteen of Paragon’s construction projects to corroborate the total revenue figures the company was using in applying the percentage-of-completion accounting method to its unfinished projects. If the valuation and allocation test would have been applied, the overstatement of revenue and gross profit could have been detected and prevented.Presentation and disclosure: if Andersen had used the recommendation from the AICPA Audit and Accounting GuideConstruction Contracts, he would have found out that some of the Paragon’s projects did not exist and he possibly would have determined that Paragon was overstating the completing stages of most of its existing projects. My belief of what the SEC meant by the phrase â€Å"audit failure† is that Sullivan did not practice his knowledge to make sure that Paragon accounting system was i n compliance with General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and General Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS).One reason that Sullivan was at fault for the allege audit failures is he did not test the large amounts of unbilled revenue and relied â€Å"excessively† on oral representation from Paragon management to confirm the unbilled revenue and corresponding receivables. Another reason is that Andersen auditors discovered that the total revenue being used in the percentage-of-completion exceeded the revenue figure documented, and although no documents were recorded for these oral representations, Sullivan accepted that the revenue amounts given were valid.Yes, I do believe that Sullivan was responsible for the final outcome of the deficiencies that the SEC noted in Andersen’s 1997 audit of Golden Bear. My reason for saying he should accept full responsibility is because he was a partner in Andersen and he as the leader of the audit had the final say so about what was accepted from the company and what was not.When the information about the unbilled revenue, overestimate of the project’s stage of completion, and the total revenue being used in the percentage-of-completion computations exceeded the revenue documented, he should have stopped doing the processing of the audit at that particular moment and required for more assertion test to be performed or he could have refused to continue the process of the audit if Paragon would have refused to comply to the additional test.The audit engagement team’s responsibilities to determine if an engagement is a high-risk or normal-risk engagement are the same. They both use the audit risk model to determine the inherent and control risk to detect if the account contains errors that could be material when combined with errors in other accounts and detection risk that the auditor will not detect material errors. By using the audit risk model, it would help in determining the substantive audit procedures needed for testing.The factors that prompted Sullivan to designate 1997 audit a high-risk engagement are the subjective nature of the earned value method; Paragon’s large unbilled revenues; the aggressive revenue recognition practices advocated by Golden Bear management; severe weaknesses in Paragon’s cost accounting system. These factors should have alerted Sullivan and his subordinates to be particularly cautious. No it is not required for auditors to refer to the Audit and Accounting Guides provided by the AICPA for specialized industries.Although it is not a requirement, it is a great reference on how to perform and handle an audit related to the particular industry that is being audit if it is provided. If you use the guide that is available it will help on giving you an idea about the possible procedures and testing that may be required to perform a successful audit. It is also helpful in case a question arises that may have been of the same nature in the recommended guide. The guides do not override or replace the authoritative guidance included in Statements on Auditing Standards, but it does help support the standards.